Weimar Republic – Political, Social and Economic Issues

Political, economic and social issues in the Weimar Republic to 1929 Year 12 Modern History 2013 * Mrs Lynch Jenni Hamilton Due Date; 26th of March 2013 Word Count; 1,665 The collapsement of the Weimar Republic was due to many social, political and economical issues within. From its birth it faced numerous political problems, for which the causes were many and varied. These problems included political instability, deep divisions within society and economic crisis; problems were constantly appearing for the new government.The Weimar Republic never really had a stable political party, having a whole six different parties between 1924-1928 does not create stability. Many of these parties were also narrowly sectioned, with messed up priorities such as to look after the interests of class area of religion that they represented within the Weimar Republic, loyalty to democracy was of least importance. In 1929 the misery that had aided the efforts of Weimar’s enemies in the early 20s had been relieved by five years of economic growth and rising incomes.Germany had been admitted to the League of Nations and is once more an accepted member of the international community. The bitterness at Germany's defeat in the Great War and the humiliation of the Treaty of Versailles had not been forgotten but most Germans appear to have come to terms with the new Republic and its leaders. Gustav Stresemann had decided to take on the job of leading a battle for a policy he felt was in his nation’s vital interest even though he was tired and ill and knew that the opposition would be stubborn. Stresemann was the major force in negotiating and guiding the Young Plan through a ‘plebiscite’.This plan although opposed by those on the right-wing won majority approval and further reduced Germany’s reparations payments. The Weimar Republic was a bold experiment. It was Germany's first democracy, a state in which elected representatives had real power. The new W eimar constitution attempted to blend the European parliamentary system with the American presidential system. In the pre- World War I period, only men twenty-five years of age and older had the right to vote, and their elected representatives had very little power. The Weimar constitution gave all men and women twenty years of age the right to vote.Women made up more than 52% of the potential electorate, and their support was vital to the new Republic. From a ballot, which often had thirty or more parties on it, Germans chose legislators who would make the policies that shaped their lives. Parties spanning a broad political spectrum from Communists on the far left to National Socialists (Nazis) on the far right competed in the Weimar elections. The Chancellor and the Cabinet needed to be approved by the Reichstag (legislature) and needed the Reichstag's continued support to stay in power.Although the constitution makers expected the Chancellor to be the head of government, they inc luded emergency provisions that would ultimately undermine the Republic. Gustav Stresemann was briefly Chancellor in 1923 and for six years foreign minister and close advisor to Chancellors. The constitution gave emergency powers to the directly elected President and made him the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. In times of crisis, these presidential powers would prove decisive.During the stable periods, Weimar Chancellors formed legislative majorities based on coalitions primarily of the Social Democrats, the Democratic Party, and the Catholic Center Party, all moderate parties that supported the Republic. As the economic situation deteriorated in 1930, and many disillusioned voters turned to extremist parties, the Republic's supporters could no longer command a majority. German democracy could no longer function as its creators had hoped. Ironically by 1932, Adolf Hitler, a dedicated enemy of the Weimar Republic, was the only political leader capable of commanding a legisla tive majority.On January 30, 1933, an aged President von Hindenburg reluctantly named Hitler Chancellor of the Republic. Using his legislative majority and the support of Hindenburg's emergency presidential powers, Hitler proceeded to destroy the Weimar Republic. Germany emerged from World War I with huge debts incurred to finance a costly war for almost five years. The treasury was empty, the currency was losing value, and Germany needed to pay its war debts and the huge reparations bill imposed on it by the Treaty of Versailles, which officially ended the war.The treaty also deprived Germany of territory, natural resources, and even ships, trains, and factory equipment. Germany’s population was undernourished and contained many widows, orphans, and disabled veterans living in poverty. The new German government struggled to deal with these crises, which had produced a serious hyperinflation. By 1924, after years of crisis management and attempts at tax and finance reform, th e economy was stabilised with the help of foreign, particularly American, loans. This relative â€Å"golden age† was reflected in the strong support for moderate pro-Weimar political parties in the 1928 elections.However, economic disaster struck with the onset of the world depression in 1929. The American stock market crash and bank failures led to a recall of American loans to Germany. This development added to Germany's economic hardship. Mass unemployment and suffering followed. Many Germans became increasingly disillusioned with the Weimar Republic and began to turn toward radical anti-democratic parties whose representatives promised to relieve their economic hardships. The government no longer had sufficient resources to support the German economy, but continued to print paper money.This caused rapid inflation, which Germany used as an excuse for not being able to pay its second instalment towards the reparations. The French government, however, decided to force German y to pay. It did this by sending French and Belgian troops to the industrial heartland of Germany, the Ruhr to collect reparations still owing to them, but the German Chancellor called for â€Å"passive resistance† by the workers of the Ruhr; a refusal to co-operate with the troops. This, however, led to the collapse of the German economy, as the government was forced to print more paper money in order to pay the striking workers in the Ruhr.This caused hyperinflation as Germany was not producing anything; its industrial heartland had been destroyed and yet the number of notes in its economy was increasing. The German currency soon became worthless and prices were constantly rising (For example, an American dollar in July 1914 was worth about 4 marks, whilst in November 1923, its equivalent in marks was 4,000,000,000,000 marks). This struggle is then proved by Gustav Stresemann in the following source; â€Å"We in Germany in recent years have lived on borrowed money, if a cr isis ever hits us and the American withdraw their short-term credits then we would be bankrupt †¦ e are not only militarily disarmed, we are also financially disarmed† The social effects of this hyperinflation were disastrous, particularly for the German middle classes who had lost all their savings and pensions as a result. Then, in September 1923, Gustav Stresemann called for the end of passive resistance in order to begin the restoration of the German economy. This led to great political humiliation however, as it showed that Germany had been forced to do what the French wanted.This led to the Munich Putsch, which was an attempt by the Nazi Party leader, Adolf Hitler to overthrow the government; Hitler was determined to show the German people that not all Germans were going to accept what the French had forced the German government to do. Bavarian police broke up the revolt however and Hitler was arrested. In Saxony, there was another revolt against the republic, but t his was a communist revolt and a communist government was set up, but Stresemann ordered this government to resign or else it would face military action.Therefore, the Ruhr Crisis led to economic collapse, political humiliation, dissatisfaction within society, further opposition to the Weimar Republic and finally, it’s devastating effects caused people to start looking towards extreme solutions. The Weimar Republic, in spite of all its problems, did survive the crisis that had befallen it between 1919 and 1923; even though it had inspired violent political opposition from right and left wing groups, it had faced a devastating economic situation creating a high level of discontent within society, and had brought about serious political humiliation upon itself, it had still managed to survive.All these problems contributed to the political difficulties which Weimar faced during its first few years; a general hatred amongst Germans of the new system and constant opposition towar ds it. The political issue of the Treaty of Versailles was probably the most important individual cause of Weimar's crisis however. It had been the Treaty of Versailles that caused nationalist opposition to Weimar and theGerman nation to step down to a second class power, losing much of its territory, having extreme military restrictions imposed on it, and it had been the treaty of Versailles that had brought about reparations, leading Germany into an extremely difficult economic situation causing further social tensions, and it had been this treaty that had inspired communist opposition by bringing about the need to get Germany back to work, causing the majority socialists (SPD) to cooperate with the old order.It can be argued that this treaty was responsible for most of the hatred of the German people towards Weimar between 1919 and 1923, but on the other hand, Germany would not have been able to negotiate peace had they not signed the treaty. Germany managed to survive this crisi s of economic collapse, political humiliation and dissatisfaction within society. Bibliography; Secondary Sources – * Republic to Reich, A history of Germany 1918-1939 Third Edition: K J Mason; Published 2007 * http://www. ohndclare. net/weimar5_affleck. htm Primary Source – * Republic to Reich, A history of Germany 1918-1939 Third Edition: K J Mason; Published 2007 Gustav Stresemann – page 43 â€Å"We in Germany in recent years have lived on borrowed money, if a crisis ever hits us and the American withdraw their short-term credits then we would be bankrupt †¦ we are not only militarily disarmed, we are also financially disarmed†

Seeing Things from Someone Else’s Perspective

In your everyday life, you are placed in situations that allow you to encounter the value of carefully considering someone else’s perspective. The reason why it is so eulogized to see someone else’s view is because it could alter how things would eventually turn out to be for you and that person(s). Peace, equality, and justice are some of the values you come across when you approach with empathy. Comprehending where someone is coming from and feelings they convey correlates with the outcome of peace.In 1993, the ongoing conflict between Israel and Palestine had temporarily halted with a solution called the Oslo peace process, which main point consisted that Israel gradually give up possession of Palestinian territories to the Palestinians with the exchange of peace. This represents the value of perspective, because the Palestinians had finally reached the conclusion that coming at the Israelis with violence and weaponry would not allow the Palestinians to ever gain wha t they really want, and it caused the Palestinians to comprehend what the Israelis were feeling; harassed.They had learned that if peace were used as a substitution to attack, then the people of Israel would be sure to ably, which they transitorily did. Another value would be justice. When an attorney is defending their client, they tend to use the skill of switching to the defendant’s perspective when trying to prove to the jury that they are not guilty. For example, if someone was falsely accused of murder, the attorney could use empowering words and point things out like â€Å"Just think if you were in his/her place† or â€Å"How do you think you would’ve felt if you were him/her? to give the jury that connection that â€Å"Would you want to be proven guilty if you were to fall under a situation similar to this one? † Using this technique shows how perspective comes in handy as well as how justice is served. Equality is a reiterating value that is dis covered when considering someone else’s perspective. In Remember the Titans, a film about how an African American named Herman Boone who is newly appointed head high school football coach in the position of a successful white coach, Bill Yoast, during the time of segregation, there is a scene where Coach Yoasts’ daughter, Sheryl s over at the Boones’ house when an anonymous student from the school drives by and yells â€Å"Hey, Coach Boone! † in a tormenting manner and throws something at their window near to where Sheryl had been sitting, shattering it to pieces. Later that night Yoast tells Coach Boone that he is not in any position to put his daughter’s safety on the line just because people don’t like him coaching the team, to which Boone replies â€Å"Well what about my girls’ safety?You just got a taste of what I deal with everyday, Yoast† leaving Coach Yoast thoughtful and silent. This also shows perspective because Coac h Yoast had understood that the worry and the vexation, that had aroused from the danger of his daughter is a mental weight and distress that Boone has to deal with for his family all the time, all because of the color of his skin. By stepping into Boone’s shoes, Yoast had now truly known the importance of equity and fairness to Boone, and the rest of the African American society.These are just a few ethics you can obtain from point-of-view. Agreement between even two nations can come about when using perspective. Authority can be placed with shifting someone’s point-of-view through sympathy. And adequation will make its way through when you are physically put forth into the same situation that someone who isn’t treated fairly is. All of these are real and pure values that form when your mindset is reversed, and truly leave you thinking.

Part Six Chapter IV

IV The police had picked up Krystal Weedon at last as she ran hopelessly along the river bank on the very edge of Pagford, still calling her brother in a cracked voice. The policewoman who approached her addressed her by name, and tried to break the news to her gently, but she still tried to beat the woman away from her, and in the end the policewoman had almost to wrestle her into the car. Krystal had not noticed Fats melting away into the trees; he did not exist to her any more. The police drove Krystal home, but when they knocked on the front door Terri refused to answer. She had glimpsed them through an upstairs window, and thought that Krystal had done the one unthinkable and unforgivable thing, and told the pigs about the hold-alls full of Obbo's hash. She dragged the heavy bags upstairs while the police hammered at the door, and only opened up when she considered that it had become unavoidable. ‘Whatcha wan'?' she shouted, through an inch-wide gap in the door. The policewoman asked to come in three times and Terri refused, still demanding to know what they wanted. A few neighbours had begun to peer through windows. Even when the policewoman said, ‘It's about your son, Robbie,' Terri did not realize. †E's fine. There's nuthin' wrong with ‘im. Krystal's got ‘im.' But then she saw Krystal, who had refused to stay in the car, and had walked halfway up the garden path. Terri's gaze trickled down her daughter's body to the place where Robbie should have been clinging to her, frightened by the strange men. Terri flew from her house like a fury, with her hands outstretched like claws, and the policewoman had to catch her round the middle and swing her away from Krystal, whose face she was trying to lacerate. ‘Yeh little bitch, yeh little bitch, what've yeh done ter Robbie?' Krystal dodged the struggling pair, darted into the house and slammed the front door behind her. ‘For fuck's sake,' muttered the policeman under his breath. Miles away in Hope Street, Kay and Gaia Bawden faced each other in the dark hallway. Neither of them was tall enough to replace the light bulb that had been dead for days, and they had no ladder. All day long, they had argued and almost made up, then argued again. Finally, at the moment when reconciliation seemed within touching distance, when Kay had agreed that she too hated Pagford, that it had all been a mistake, and that she would try and get them both back to London, her mobile had rung. ‘Krystal Weedon's brother's drowned,' whispered Kay, as she cut Tessa's call. ‘Oh,' said Gaia. Knowing that she ought to express pity, but frightened to let discussion of London drop before she had her mother's firm commitment, she added, in a tight little voice, ‘That's sad.' ‘It happened here in Pagford,' said Kay. ‘Along the road. Krystal was with Tessa Wall's son.' Gaia felt even more ashamed of letting Fats Wall kiss her. He had tasted horrible, of lager and cigarettes, and he had tried to feel her up. She was worth much more than Fats Wall, she knew that. If it had even been Andy Price, she would have felt better about it. Sukhvinder had not returned one of her calls, all day long. ‘She'll be absolutely broken up,' said Kay, her eyes unfocused. ‘But there's nothing you can do,' said Gaia. ‘Is there?' ‘Well †¦' said Kay. ‘Not again!' cried Gaia. ‘It's always, always the same! You're not her social worker any more! What,' she shouted, stamping her foot as she had done when she was a little girl, ‘about me?' The police officer in Foley Road had already called a duty social worker. Terri was writhing and screaming and trying to beat at the front door, while from behind it came the sounds of furniture being dragged to form a barricade. Neighbours were coming out onto their doorsteps, a fascinated audience to Terri's meltdown. Somehow the cause of it was transmitted through the watchers, from Terri's incoherent shouts and the attitudes of the ominous police. ‘The boy's dead,' they told each other. Nobody stepped forward to comfort or calm. Terri Weedon had no friends. ‘Come with me,' Kay begged her mutinous daughter. ‘I'll go to the house and see if I can do anything. I got on with Krystal. She's got nobody.' ‘I bet she was shagging Fats Wall when it happened!' shouted Gaia; but it was her final protest, and a few minutes later she was buckling herself into Kay's old Vauxhall, glad, in spite of everything, that Kay had asked her along. But by the time they had reached the bypass, Krystal had found what she was looking for: a bag of heroin concealed in the airing cupboard; the second of two that Obbo had given Terri in payment for Tessa Wall's watch. She took it, with Terri's works, into the bathroom, the only room that had a lock on the door. Her aunt Cheryl must have heard what had happened, because Krystal could hear her distinctive raucous yell, added to Terri's screams, even through the two doors. ‘You little bitch, open the door! Letcha mother see ya!' And the police shouting, trying to shut the two women up. Krystal had never shot up before, but she had watched it happen many times. She knew about longboats, and how to make a model volcano, and she knew how to heat the spoon, and about the tiny little ball of cotton wool you used to soak up the dissolved smack, and act as a filter when you were filling the syringe. She knew that the crook of the arm was the best place to find a vein, and she knew to lay the needle as flat as possible against the skin. She knew, because she had heard it said, many times, that first-timers could not take what addicts could manage, and that was good, because she did not want to take it. Robbie was dead, and it was her fault. In trying to save him, she had killed him. Flickering images filled her mind as her fingers worked to achieve what must be done. Mr Fairbrother, running alongside the canal bank in his tracksuit as the crew rowed. Nana Cath's face, fierce with pain and love. Robbie, waiting for her at the window of his foster home, unnaturally clean, jumping up and down with excitement as she approached the front door †¦ She could hear the policeman calling to her through the letter box not to be a silly girl, and the policewoman trying to quieten Terri and Cheryl. The needle slid easily into Krystal's vein. She pressed the plunger down hard, in hope and without regret. By the time Kay and Gaia arrived, and the police decided to force their way in, Krystal Weedon had achieved her only ambition: she had joined her brother where nobody could part them.

Business Decision Making Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Decision Making - Research Paper Example they make their decision and do not wait for more options or alternatives. Thus they generally look for answers which are good enough and may not be the best. Although leadership and management functions vary widely from organization to organization, the function of decision making is common to all. Managers are always taking a decision , small or big and all these are important in the sense that they affect the individual, team or overall performance of an organization. All people have their own style of decision making and they also differ in the amount of information they use in decision making. Some reach conclusions from just a few facts while some take their own time by gathering and studying and analyzing large amounts of information. The Figure below shows the difference between the low and high information users. It shows that early in the process, the knowledge is going from zero to something greater and this information is most likely to be important. Thus Satisficers, make the decision at point B, when they have learned enough while Maximizers, keep evaluating information until they simply are learning nothing new about the pr oblem. Simon (1955, 1956, 1957) introduced an important distinction between maximizing and satisficing as choice-making strategies. In maximizing decision making - the idea is to find the best possible solution and requires an exhaustive search of all possibilities. To satisfice is to look for good enough possibility and stopping when this good enough solution is found. In decision-making, satisficing explains the tendency to select the first option that meets a given need or select the option that seems to address most needs rather than the "optimal" solution. Generally managers go for Satisficing decisions when the decisions are of small significance. Moreover, in daya to day functioning, many situations arise where they have take a decision quickly. In such acses also. A satificing decision making is made. A manager cannot wait for all alternatives or study each and every report to when he is facing time constraints. It is extremely cost - ineffective to take lots of information into co nsideration for day - to-day decisions. It is not that Satisficers have low expectations, rather they accept that there is more than one option that will satisfy them. And Once they are able to find an option that meets their initial criteria they are content to conclude their search. On the other hand, senior mangers who need to take into account the objectives and the goals of the company, need lots of information and analysis before they can take decisions. At senior levels, it is required and essential to act as a maximizer and try to review each and every alternative before arriving at a decision. This is because a decision at this level has far reaching consequences on the company's policies and direction. They are the ones taking the high stakes decision and thus keep on looking for the best of all the options, establishing new criteria as they go. Maximizers may do better objectively, but they do worse subjectively. They feel worse about their decisions and are less happy with the results than the satisficers. Therefore , in the long run, that is for maximizing profits and building strategies foe overall business performance, managers generally act cautious and

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Human Resources- Understanding Job Satisfaction, Commitment, & Employee Retention - Term Paper Example All these three aspects are interrelated to each other. If job satisfaction is positive then it leads to strong organizational commitment and this may result in high level of employee retention. If there is negative job satisfaction, the employees will reduce their commitment towards work and organization which ultimately results in high level of turnover rate. In this paper, details of job satisfaction, organizational commitment along with employee retention have been discussed succinctly. The paper also covers the relationship between the three factors in a precise way. Finally, the paper is enclosed with a few concluding lines about the entire topic. 2.0 Job Satisfaction Job satisfaction is the result of emotional reaction related to the specific job situation. The satisfaction is dependent on the level of outcome of the job that means whether the employees can meet the result or exceed their expectations. Job satisfaction turns to be negative when the rewards are less and this ma y result in negative attitude towards the job (Tella & Et. Al., 2007). Job satisfaction is the affective response of an employee; therefore it can be a source or may be related to high productivity. It is a fact that â€Å"the satisfied worker is the productive worker†. Thus, satisfaction level of the worker is extensively related to the performance and quality of work. However, various studies have shown that satisfaction or dissatisfaction has no relation to the productivity of work. Satisfied workers may or may not be high producers and those employees who are high producers may not be interested in their jobs. Job satisfaction and dissatisfaction may not result in explicit behavior such as positive or negative influence in productivity, grievance, absenteeism, turnover and others. It may depend upon the personal characteristics of an employee that may be his or her personality and prospects for self expression lying on the job (Smith, n.d.). 3.0 Commitment Organizational commitment has been defined in various ways by Beckeri, Randal and Riegel (1995). It is considered as a strong aspiration of the employees to be a member of a particular organization. It is also defined as high level efforts that can be applied by employees for the organization and the employees’ acceptability related to the values as well as goals of the organization. Organizational commitment is associated with several factors such as personal factors, for example, age, professional periods in the organization, external or internal ascription. The other factors are organizational factors and these encompass job design, leadership style; and other non-organizational factors consist of availability of substitutes (Tella & Et. Al., 2007). According to Mowday, Porter and Steer (1982), organizational commitment is considered as an attachment and loyalty. There are three components related to organizational commitment which involve identification related to the goals as well as s tandards of the organization, desire to be associated with the organization and finally, an eagerness to show efforts for the organization (Mowday & Et. Al., 1982). Organizational commitment can also be termed as the power of the recognition of an individual and his attachment within the

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Situation Analysis: By Organizations manage the quality of the services delivered by their network providers and facilities through a variety of means, including treatment record audits, satisfaction data, and the tracking of complaints, adverse incidents, and quality of care concerns. Increasingly, managed behavioral health care organizations are expanding their quality measurement efforts to include patient safety considerations, evidence-based guidelines, treatment outcomes data, and objective measures, such as the Health Plan Employer Data Information being in business for ten years it is still a growing company and has potential of expanding. We have looked into manage-care physician credentialing is when company is seeking health care providers, the process must be conducted in a manner that meets the goals of managed care program. There are some perks when it comes to physician that uses physician credentialing such as†¦ †¢Better payment from insurance carriers, this will not be a burdened with need to drain patients pocket †¢Serving more patients which make physicians more reliable providers if they are listed in the Preferred Physician’s Group and avoid out of pocket expenses †¢Improving quality in healthcare which includes an extensive background check to avoid fraud. Liberty to choose the fee plan, this would be the best way for a physician to choose the best fee plan that will be profitable to them, they can get fee per service or do capitation fee model based on average number of patients served per month in network †¢Access to fee schedule which will determine the maximum reimbursement limit for different services and help send billing claims accordingly †¢Positive Marketing with thorough physician credentialing plan it can provide a positive marketing benefit to net work, attract large number of members through cost-effective plans. The benefit of prescription drug program to the employer and the employee is that employees can save money by going with generic medication, mail order, and lower copayments. Pharmacy benefit is a very important component in health care benefits and when optimize can contribute to clinical, economic and quality of life outcome of benefit to payers as well as members. The importance of quality management indicator in quality management indicator in manage care programs are very essential to have basically to make sure the patient is satisfied, which is key to happy employees. Is it important to have quality assurance which makes sure records, tracking of treatment, are there are any complaints, any incidents and quality of care for the patients. Solutions: Looking over the problem and analyzing the data, I came up with few solutions that might Cooper-Pearson Sport Marketing Company, that would keep the employees he have and attractive new employees, by changing the health care plan. I think the company should have an HMO but it should be better HMO and I believe the company should also let the employees choose if they want PPO or HMO. Both Manage Care Programs have their perks and it will be benefiting not only the employee but the employer as well. If and when Cooper-Pearson Sports Marketing Company expands the company, they most definitely have to invest or least think about changing the health care insurance if they are going to keep their employees at the company and attract future employees. That is the only way to fix this issue with employees leaving because of the healthcare plan. The benefit of the employer improving the health care plan and implanting this in the plan is that employees would appreciate it and would want to stay and for the future employees would want to join the company. If the employees and future know that Cooper-Pearson Sports Marketing Company are in an affordable prescription that would help many that are on daily medication, in the long run they will be able to depend on not only the company but their health care and not have to worry about their health. When employees know that there is a sense of quality management when it comes to their health care, they know the company have the health at best interest, the employees would know that they would be satisfied.

Strategies for Reform in Kenya: Development of Equality

Strategies for Reform in Kenya: Development of Equality STUDENT: CHRIS MUGO NDIRANGU REG.NO: 1021356 Question Reform agenda in Kenya, committees, parties involved and previous practices INTRODUCTION Reforms are about bringing positive change in any country or administration. It’s about becoming better through the removal of false and error or by correcting malpractice, especially of a moral and social kind. Reforms are about enhancing value and qualities. In Kenya various reforms have been initiated particularly with the adoption of a new constitution in 2010. Various committees and parties have been involved in the reform agenda. The following then are some of the reforms initiated in Kenya. Measures to Curb Corruption According to Transparency International corruption index of 2013 Kenya ranked number 136 out of 177 in the world. This indicates the high level of corruption in the country. Indeed corruption is endemic to Kenya. It has contributed to wastage and misuse of national resources. Thus the new constitution has a number of provisions to allow for stronger checks and balances to curb corruption. Generally the constitution ensures the supremacy of parliament where parliament scrutinizes the executive to ensure it does not abuse its mandate and also scrutinizing state finances. This ensures no wastage or loss of funds occurs through corruption. Other than parliament the constitution provides for a commission that will work to curb corruption in government. The establishment of this commission is key in Kenya’s reform agenda. The Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC) has since been established and given the following functions under the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Act, 2011. Some of the functions include: Ensure compliance with, and enforcement of, the provisions of the Constitution in relation to ethics, integrity and anti-corruption Develop and promote standards and best practices in ethics, integrity and anti-corruption Receive complaints on allegations of breach of the ethical principles or code of conduct by a public officer Investigate and prosecute any acts of corruption Recommend appropriate action to be taken against public officers alleged to have engaged in unethical conduct Develop a comprehensive national strategy to combat corruption and economic crime Promote ethics and ethical conduct among public officers, the private sector and the public in general. Decentralization of Government This arguably is the biggest reform initiated by the constitution. This is the ceding of power and autonomy by national governments to the counties. The constitution devolves power closer to the people at the grassroots. This diffuses political power and avoids on group or ethnic community from dominating the country by winning national elections throughout. Thus preventing political violence as witnessed in the 2007/2008. The constitutions allows for the following: Establishment of counties that replace the previous administrative units of provinces and districts. Creation of 47 counties where each county has an executive committee led by a governor and a deputy governor elected for a maximum of two terms Creation of county assemblies composed of elected members. Devolution of health services, infrastructure among other functions from the national government to the county government. The county governments are also empowered to impose levies and permit fees to support its development needs. The reform agenda of devolution or decentralization of the Government is intended to achieve the following political, social and economic goals by: Enhancing the principles of democracy Bringing power closer to the people and increase public participation in policy-making Enable greater responsiveness to the needs and opportunities for people at the grassroots level Establish new hubs of economic growth away from the capital city Promote equitable development across the country In ensuring smooth transition of national government functions to county government a County Transitional Authority has been formed under the Transition to Devolved Government Act, 2011. The main function of the authority shall be to facilitate a coordinated transition to county governments. Other functions include: Facilitate comprehensive and effective transfer as provided for under the constitution Oversee transfer of assets, liabilities and staff of national governments and local authorities to county governments Carry out an audit of the existing assets and infrastructure of the national government and local authorities with respect to devolved functions Develop and implement training programmes for county government staff Resolve disputes over transition issues between the nation and land county governments Women rights and marginalised groups This is one of the major issues in Kenya’s reform agenda over the past decade. Women rights groups and marginalised groups have pushed for reforms that would allow for greater participation and recognition in the running of affairs in the country. This is especially in government political sphere. The major reforms regarding women are entrenched in the new constitution. According to (Mugambi, 2010) the purpose of these constitutional gains on the side of women are to preserve their dignity and to promote social justice. The constitution ; ensures that women are able to pass on citizenship to their children regardless of whether they are married to Kenyans or not, eliminates gender discrimination in relation to land and property. The greatest provision in relation to women and of major significance is that the constitution provides that a one third requirement for either gender in elective bodies. This translates to women occupying at least 1/3 in elective institutions. This rule has a major shortcoming as citizens cannot be forced to elect women in order to achieve the gender threshold. The constitution also provides for the election of women representatives for each county who shall sit in parliament. Marginalised groups have also benefitted from the reforms being initiated in government. These marginalised groups include youth, marginalised communities and the disabled. The constitution provides that for the nomination of members of this group into parliament and county assemblies. The youth have also benefitted from the creation of funds that will enable them to set up businesses and earn income. An example of this is the creation of the Uwezo fund. The government has also formulated a policy of awarding contracts and tenders to youth groups and women. The policy states that 30% of the contracts and tenders shall be awarded to women and the youth. Performance Contracting The Kenyan government has been characterized with long bureaucratic procedures, inefficiency, lack of accountability which translates to high levels of corruption and wastage of resources. This results into poor economic performance. The government has however been adopting measures to change the common bad practices. This government hopes will change the perception and attitude towards government in service delivery. The government has thus initiated reforms in the public sector to gain public confidence both locally and internationally. Key to this reforms is performance contracting. Performance contracting is a mechanism under the public sector reforms that aims at improving performance of the Public sector through setting clear objectives. It involves setting simple, measurable, accurate, realistic and time-bound targets. Specifying agent performance in terms of results and assigning accountability for those results, increasing transparency and accountability in public institutions, establishing clear reporting, monitoring and evaluation mechanisms of the projects. Performance contracting is done on a quarterly basis. At the end of every quarter, government institutions submit their quarterly reports and finally annual report to relevant agency. Feedbacks then are sent to the government institutions for improvements. The first procedure in performance contracting process is target formulation. The government institution sets targets based on the following indicators; financial, service delivery, non-financial, operational and dynamics. A work-plan/ implementation schedule based on its departmental plans is formulated. The plan indicates with activities hoped to be accomplished in the contract year. The second procedure is Negotiations. The targets set are negotiated on the basis of available resources, time frame and relevancy to existing policy documents. The third is vetting. The targets in this stage are looked at again. The fourth stage is signing. The contract is signed by the relevant heads of the institution and the monitoring agency. This shows commitment by both parties towards the attainment of the set targets. The fifth stage is implementation. The government institutions implement their agreed contracts and work towards achieving the set targets within the specified time frame. The si xth and final stage is reporting. The reporting is done on a quarterly basis which culminates in an annual report to the relevant reporting authorities. Performance contracting is important because of the following reasons; Helps in fast tracking existing plans in a government institution and a countries strategic plan example Kenya’s vision 2030 Proper coordination of projects is achieved through the development of intense monitoring and evaluation system so as to achieve the set target Setting of higher targets in every contract period leads to improvement in efficiency. Public servants have the opportunity to be recognised thus motivates them to perform Performance contracting has led to the emergence of a competitive Public Service which enhances their growth and development. REFERENCES Mugambi, M. (2010, March 28). Constitutional Gains for Kenyan Women. Retrieved March 20, 2014, from Academia.edu: www.academia.edu Constitution of Kenya.2010 Ethics and Anti-Corruption Act, 2011. Transition to Devolved Government Act, 2011.

Zuzanna Zommer Case Study

Zuzanna Zommer Case Study The following essay examines a case study on a young child that was sexually abused and murdered by a known sex offender, and the serious case review that was written on the case. This essay will also discuss the basic legal policies and the frame work of the Children Act 1989, 2004 and Every Child Matters: National Service Framework. It will demonstrate the understanding of the different types of abuse, an understanding of the child protection system and how it applies to the common assessment frame work. Also the importance of working in a child centred manner will be understood. This essay will criticise the different approaches of multi-professional tactics on child protection. It will take a look at the Lord Laming and Munro reports that were put in place between the death of Victoria Climbie and baby P and safeguarding reforms planned to prevent future deaths. Zuzanna Zommer was a 14 year old girl who came to live the United Kingdom with her parents and young bother from Poland. Not long after the move, Zuzanna was sexually abused and murdered by a known sex offender named Michael Clark who lived two doors down from the Zommers. Unknown to the family and his past history, Clark befriended the Zommer family and would go to family barbeques (Brooke 2008). See appendix 1. Statistics show that nearly a quarter of young adults are sexual abused during childhood, in 2010 and 2011 17.727 children under the age of sixteen were sexually abused in England and Wales (NSPCC 2012). Several agencies failed in the case of Zuzanna Zommer (BBC News England 2012) due to failed communication between agencies. Michael Clark moved to Leeds after being released from Hull prison prior to meeting the Zommer. Humberside police failed to provide the public protection agencies in Leeds with enough warning that Clark would be moving to the area (BBC News England 2012). See appendix 2 A serious case review was released in March 2012 on Zuzanna Zommer which states that Clarks childhood was unhappy. His parents divorced when he was three years old and was brought up by his mother and stepfather, of which he witnessed domestic violence with his mother regularly using physical abuse. Clark was bullied at school and then expelled from junior school before going to a school for the deaf (Cocker 2012). See appendix 3 Over the past thirty years, theories of child maltreatment have shifted from single- cause models (e.g. the transgenerational transmission of child maltreatment, which saw children who grew up with abuse becoming abusive adults) to more integrated and multi-faceted perspectives, emphasising instead a number of interacting factors (Azar et al, 1998; Thomas et al, 2003). Research repeatedly suggests that a history of childhood abuse is associated with low educational attainment and poor physical and mental health in adulthood (Gilbert et al, 2009b; Safeguarding and protecting children are supported by a complicated system of legislation, guidance, regulation, and procedures (Stafford,Vincent,Parton 2010). Within the UK, the Department of Health defines child maltreatment in terms of inflicting harm and/or by failing to act to prevent harm to children (Department of Health, 2006 p26). Significant is not defined in the Act, although it does say that the court should compare the health and development of the child with that which could be reasonably expected of a similar child. So the courts have to decide for themselves what constitutes significant harm by looking at the facts of each individual case (NSPCC factsheet 2012 p2) Within the overall category of child maltreatment, four categories of abuse are traditionally recognised (WHO, 2006) World Health Organisation (2006) Preventing child maltreatment: a guide to taking action and generating evidence. World Health Organization and International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect. The abuse towards Zuzanna Zommer took 11 months to result in her death during which the sexual abuse of the child went undetected. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241594365_eng.pdf [Accessed 25 Feb 2010] Sidebotham et al (2006) observed that a wide range of factors are associated with child maltreatment, with the strongest risks coming from socio-economic deprivation and parental background, including poor mental health. Community-level variables consistently linked to child maltreatment include lack of social support (including the availability of childcare), neighbourhood poverty and the accessibility of alcohol (Coulton et al, 1995; 1999; 2007; Korbin et al, 1998; Molnar et al, 2003). Social factors, such as beliefs about using physical punishment to discipline children and the portrayal of violence and sex in the media may additionally contribute to abusive behaviour towards children (Belsky, 1993; Straus and Mathur, 1996). Belsky, J. (1993) Etiology of child maltreatment: A developmental-ecological analysis. Psychological Bulletin 114: 413-434. Following the death of Victoria Climbie, who was known to the social services and many other agencies within the social sector? Victorias parents stated they had noted that the social worker blames the doctors, front line staff blames the management, mangers blame the council, and the councils blame the government for lack of funding. Response to the fallings were I am poorly managed, not my job, (Laming,2003, evidence 19 February 2002,p97). Lord Laming was invited to carry out an enquiry looking at the situations leading up to Victorias death. His report had a 108 recommendation to safe guard children in the future, this inquiry became known as the Laming Report (Laming 2003). Deryk Mead of Action for Children stated, I do believe that inquiry reports have made a positive difference to the child protection system, and I have every confidence that Lord Lamings report will do so too (Katwala and Ciglerova 2003 p5). However there was some criticism to his report Caroline Abrahams and Debora Lightfoot from the Action for Children stated the report was looking more at the case of Victoria Climbie and not at children in general in regards to child protection (Abraham and Lightfoot 2003). .According to Harry Ferguson, a professor of social work at the University of the West of England, Lamings report focuses too heavily on the implementation of new structures and fails to understand the keen intuition that child protection work demands. (Ferguson 2003 p5) All areas of the UK have policies to safeguard children and young people, to be able to protect them and advertise their general well-being. In 2006 Working Together was re- published on which ideas have been further developed which was again called Working Together to safeguarding Children: A Guide to inter- agency Working to Safeguarding and Promote The Welfare of Children (HM Government 2006). In 2004 England and Wales were the first to deliver the policy frame work Every Child Matters and recognised the five outcome for children and young people. This was a response to the Laming Report (2003) and to safeguarding children (Department of health 2002). From this the Common assessment framework (CAF) was implemented and used when assessing children and familys Suffolk County Council (2012) Every Child Matters was planned to be put in place in 2008, however before it was due to be released the tragic death of baby P happened and the medias response was very critical to all the services involved in his case (Stafford,Vincent,Parton 2010). The system had failed again baby p there had been over sixty visits with the family different health and social care professional he died after 48h of being in hospital (Stafford,Vincent,Parton 2010). Criticism has been made regarding Every Child Matters and the Children Act 2004 on what should have been a positive social policy programme, is that it only relates to England. Hilton and Mills (2006) Stated that Every Child matters invades the rights of childrens privacy under article 8 of the European Convention Rights. The loss of space the officer of the Information Commissioner found that children themselves were worried about the invasion of their own privacy (Hilton and Mills 2006). While they create a way of seeing and suggest a way of acting, they also tend to create ways of not seeing, and eliminate the possibility of actions associated with alternative views of the world.(Morgan, 1986, p 202) Other criticism has been made regarding Every Child Matters and the Children Act 2004 on what should have been a positive social policy programme, is that it only relates to England (Hoyle 2012) All areas of the United Kingdom are committed to promoting all areas of the national frame work for young people and children. (Stafford,Vincent,Parton 2010). There is no separate legislation for child protection but legislation covers childs welfare, including support for children in need and children in need of protection (Lindon 2008). While all parts of the United Kingdom have had some restructuring in recent years to the child protection policy, not much change has been done to the legislation. The children Acts which was put in place the 1980s and 1990s these acts are an intervention in family life to help protect children from abuse and neglect ,and the definition of significant harm and children in need theses have not been amended (Owen,2009) The 1989 Children Act still remains, but the Children act 2004has made some amendments. The Children Act 2004 is primarily about new statutory leadership roles, joint planning and commissioning of childrens services, and how organisation ensure their functions are discharged in a way which safeguards children and promotes the welfare (Owen 2009 p.17). Section eleven enforced agencies that are working with children and young people to safeguard and promote their welfare, another change was that the Child Protection Committees were replaced by Local Safeguarding Boards ((Stafford,Vincent,Parton 2010). In 2010 the Government- commissioned Professor Eileen Munro to evaluate the safe guarding practice one of the recommendation was to ask that the ministers establish a national chief social worker whom will advise minister and that the council should be obliged to ensure sufficient provision such as sure start and other support schemes.(Butler 2010) The report found that safeguarding had indeed become overly dependent on procedures and paperwork, with frontline professionals spending over 60% of their time in front of computer screens(Butler 2010 p4) Munro said: A one-size-fits-all approach is not the right way for child protection services to operate. Top-down government targets and too many forms and procedures are preventing professionals from being able to give children the help they need and assess whether that help has made a difference.( Munro review 2010) Some key weakness were found in with the Munro Review this was from social workers, stating that the review states what is being done but dose not offer the path to a better child protection system in the future? (Parliament 2012). In Conclusion this essay has examined an horrific news report on the sexual abuse and the death of Zuzanna Zommer and the back ground of her perpetrator it has looked at how the system failed to protect her from such an ordeal. It has also

The Importance of Learning Self-respect :: Personal Narrative, Autobiographical Essay

On a recent visit to Europe, I had the good fortune to participate in a study tour, focusing on teenage sexuality, sex-education in the schools, the impact of the media, and parent-child communication. While teen sexual activity, pregnancy rates, HIV and STI statistics are exceedingly high in the United States; the Netherlands, Germany and France all maintain a much healthier standard. While these European teens are not only beginning sexual activity a year later than our teens, on an average, the reason for their better health seems to me fairly obvious better mental health. These teens are being groomed with self-respect from a very young age. Â   In the Netherlands, I am struck by the honesty and integrity of parents and educators who believe that if a child is old enough to ask a question, he is old enough to get an answer. While these answers are age appropriate, children tend to develop healthier body images, better communication skills and the feeling that no topic is taboo when they are encouraged to ask questions. As this exchange boosts a child's confidence and trust, it also builds his self-esteem. And while life skills classes are an integral part of the school curriculum, one of the many lessons children learn in these classes is how to build and nurture a relationship and how to be a responsible friend. How's that for an education... Â   Germany's media campaigns in the area of safe sex are brilliant. Prominent athletes and politicians often endorse commercials promoting condom use. The commercials are witty, sexy, bold, edgey, and speak directly to a young audience of hormonal hipsters. By addressing, and not repressing their sexuality, these advertisers are successfully attracting their demographic while simultaneously educating youth about disease prevention. Teaching a young mind to respect his or her young body is teaching self-esteem. And, as we all know, self esteem is fostered by education and communication. Â   France, much like the Netherlands and Germany has normalized sex in a way that allows teenagers a healthy dialogue between parents and teens, educators and students and the media and its audience. The European attitude recognizes that emotional maturity goes hand in hand with sexuality. Casual or recreational sex often comes with a hefty price tag and while teenagers will always be curious, they should also be prepared with both the physical and spiritual tools to handle their growing libidos. The Importance of Learning Self-respect :: Personal Narrative, Autobiographical Essay On a recent visit to Europe, I had the good fortune to participate in a study tour, focusing on teenage sexuality, sex-education in the schools, the impact of the media, and parent-child communication. While teen sexual activity, pregnancy rates, HIV and STI statistics are exceedingly high in the United States; the Netherlands, Germany and France all maintain a much healthier standard. While these European teens are not only beginning sexual activity a year later than our teens, on an average, the reason for their better health seems to me fairly obvious better mental health. These teens are being groomed with self-respect from a very young age. Â   In the Netherlands, I am struck by the honesty and integrity of parents and educators who believe that if a child is old enough to ask a question, he is old enough to get an answer. While these answers are age appropriate, children tend to develop healthier body images, better communication skills and the feeling that no topic is taboo when they are encouraged to ask questions. As this exchange boosts a child's confidence and trust, it also builds his self-esteem. And while life skills classes are an integral part of the school curriculum, one of the many lessons children learn in these classes is how to build and nurture a relationship and how to be a responsible friend. How's that for an education... Â   Germany's media campaigns in the area of safe sex are brilliant. Prominent athletes and politicians often endorse commercials promoting condom use. The commercials are witty, sexy, bold, edgey, and speak directly to a young audience of hormonal hipsters. By addressing, and not repressing their sexuality, these advertisers are successfully attracting their demographic while simultaneously educating youth about disease prevention. Teaching a young mind to respect his or her young body is teaching self-esteem. And, as we all know, self esteem is fostered by education and communication. Â   France, much like the Netherlands and Germany has normalized sex in a way that allows teenagers a healthy dialogue between parents and teens, educators and students and the media and its audience. The European attitude recognizes that emotional maturity goes hand in hand with sexuality. Casual or recreational sex often comes with a hefty price tag and while teenagers will always be curious, they should also be prepared with both the physical and spiritual tools to handle their growing libidos.

Essay --

Shakespeare at Othello, used only three female characters in his play, Desdemona, Emilia, and Bianca. Along with the play, Bianca’s boyfriend, Cassio, did not respect her enough to marry her, so he did not get jealous or treat her badly. Opposing to Othello and Iago, they respected Emelia and Desdemona enough to marry them, so jealousy pushed them to treat their wives badly. But on both cases Desdemona, Bianca, and Emelia still share the fact that they are victims and tools for those whom they loved the most. Firstly, Bianca’s boyfriend did not get jealous on her because she was not his wife, so he did not find a reason to treat his prostitute badly. Cassio was almost afraid to hurt Bianca’s feelings during the play. He used to act in front of her that he cares. A good evidence about this is when she shows up while he is waiting for Desdemona to bring him good news from Othello about bringing him back to work. He was not happy to see her. Once he saw her he said, "What make you from home?"(3.1), but after he says this, he recognize that he should not be so rude with her, so he tells her a nice lie, "How is it with you, my most fair Bianca? / I' faith, sweet love, I was coming to your house" (3.4). She answers, "And I was going to your lodging, Cassio. / What, keep a week away? seven days and nights?" (3.4). One equally important evidence shows how Cassio respected her feelings, is that he had never insulted her personally, yet he did it behind her back. When Bianca comes in after Cassio and Iago were talking, Cassio says, "'Tis such another fitchew! marry a perfumed one" (4.1). The word "fitchew" means â€Å"a polecat†, which means a bad smell that is known for people as excessively stink. The phrase "'Tis such another" shows how Cassi... ...did give my husband; /For often with a solemn earnestness /More than indeed belonged to such a trifle/ He begged of me to steal’t. (5.2). Emelia was nothing but a tool for Iago, he manages to kill her once she says the truth without appreciating what she has done to him all over her life. In conclusion, females’ position in Othello, clarifies that unmarried women would have a higher level of respect from the men they love because there is no jealousy nor commitments, or in other words, they do not care enough about them, but they only care about what they take from them, which is sex. Unlike married women, who were respected enough to be married from men, but jealousy turns their relationship into a life where respect does not take a place. Though, In all cases women are subjected to be victims and tools to men who do not appreciate their love and caring enough.

Chapter notes

A person is in a poor position to say there was an invasion of privacy when personal information is oluntarily placed in public view. 1. In privacy discussions, a frequent question is whether a reasonable person would expect information to be confidential, expectation of privacy. † stated as â€Å"a reasonable 2. For more than 20 years, â€Å"data mining† has been growing and media/Kroger cards have only increased this. a. The goal of a marketing strategist is to place an effective social message in front of the most likely group of â€Å"customers† at possible expense. b.Social media is essential to this end. the least C. Pushback stemming from privacy concerns comes in the form of people not nowing they have given consent or objecting when they discover that information about them they thought was private is, in fact, public. In other words, under the circumstances, they were under the impression they had a reasonable expectation of privacy. EXAMPLE: Suppose Bo b has hemorrhoids, a severe case † and frequently Googles â€Å"hemorrhoid relief† and other, similar terms. Bob may be surprised when he gets an e-mail with a coupon for Preparation H.He might be aghast to discover he has actually put what he has put what he considered to be personal, medical information n the Internet for a marketing company to harvest. And it could go on from there. Suppose Bob applies for a Job as an airline pilot and a background check reveals his medical condition. It's not debilitating, but another applicant who doesn't have hemorrhoids gets the Job. Bob would never know he was discriminated against searches he had initiated. Worse, suppose Bob does not have hemorrhoids, but is a medical student writing a paper?Suppose he's shopping for health insurance and is denied coverage or pays an excessive premium due to a medical condition he doesn't even have? SALIENT POINT: When thinking about privacy, it's also important to consider whether an alleged intrusion was by government or by private interests. Remember that the Constitution's wording is about what government will do and won't do. D. The sequence of cases: Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) Contraception was illegal in Connecticut. Roe v. Wade (1973) Performing an abortion was illegal in Lawrence v. Texas (2003) Homosexual acts were illegal in Texas. 1 .Progressively, the Supreme Court expanded the â€Å"right to be left alone† absent a state interest as first envisioned by Warren and 2. Needless to say, these cases represent a sea change in Brandeis in 1890. American social and legal history. For most of America's history, making people behave â€Å"properly' was deemed a valid role of government. Over the past few decades, we have come to the point that unless government cant state a strong public interest to be achieved, it has to leave us alone. EXAMPLE: In the past few years, the standard response to same-sex marriage legalization has become, â€Å"It doesn't a ffect me. The new public mindset is, â€Å"Who am I to Judge or tell people what is and what isn't an appropriate relationship? † In the ast, society had no problem with this. Too, consider whether the logical extension is whether polygamy, domestic violence or similar behaviors can/should be legalized on the same basis, TEXT NOTE: Only people have a right to privacy. Organizations – businesses, universities, nonprofits – do not. Only people. TEXT NOTE: As we discuss the four area of privacy tort law, note that each has different elements of proof and defenses. Avoid confusing them. II. The four areas of privacy law/torts A.Appropriation of name or likeness for trade purposes AKA Commercial appropriation of a plaintiffs name or likeness. TEXT NOTE: There are two classes of plaintiffs in this tort – the nonfamous and the famous. Distinguishing them is critical to the analysis. For everyday people, damages are based on insult, emotional hurt. For celebritie s, damages are based on the Implied- by circumstances People who voluntarily place information before the public can't protest 1 . Appropriate means take without permission. a. As we have often seen, early on in legal circles, this was considered a problem. b.Starting in Georgia in 1905, an person was awarded not $25,000 when his image was used in a newspaper ad. The d was not based on the person's fame and did not portray him in a negative way, but he was insulted, hurt emotionally, would not have consented. c. Famous people, celebrities, are different in that their images, their fame has commercial value. Putting my name on the packaging for a football wouldn't help sell it. Putting Eli Mannings name instead would be designed to improve sales. The property interest celebrities have in their name in likeness is called right of (1) Because a right of publicity is â€Å"property' it can publicity. e sold or inherited Just like a ring or a car or a iece of furniture. This is why Elvi s and Michael Jackson have made millions more annually since they died than when alive. (2) But for private plaintiffs complaining of commercial appropriation, because damages are based purely on emotion or stress or preference, these interests are not inheritable. If for some reason a picture of your mom † assuming she is not a celebrity † appears on a package of flour after damages. 2. Name or likeness her death, there is no basis to recover a. More often than not, this will be a Jury question (question of fact).How clear was it that the defendant ntended you to be identifiable? EXAMPLE: Suppose a movie is made and there's a real Jerk character named â€Å"Dean Mitchell. † I feel horrified and demeaned, but if the use of the name is purely incidental then too bad for me. No damages. Incidental use. EXAMPLE: Without your knowledge or permission, your picture is taken at an 0. 0. T. stop. Next thing you know, this photo has been enlarged 12 feet tall and is used i n vinyl applied to all 0. 0. T. vehicles. Strangers come up to you on campus and say, â€Å"Hey, Bus Girl† and professors call on you in class as â€Å"bus girl. You have a case for he emotional stress this causes, if any. On the other hand, if the picture is in profile or something and you recognize your image but others do not, then it's not likely you have a basis for a lawsuit. b. In the context of celebrities due to their right of publicity, the analysis is easier. It's usually clear celebritys image for market that a defendant has used the advantage. in Taylor and I claim that speedy service is the basis for using â€Å"Swift. † c. Name or likeness doesn't have to be birth certificate name or front-on photograph. Chapter Notes If 10% of the population of the confederate state would take an oath, they could be readmitted back into the union. Lincoln was radical. Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction plans: wanted to let the southern states rebuild themselves, if they would take an oath of allegiance would be readmitted (not high ranked), restitution of property?did not include slaves. Hand pick governors and create their own governments. They had to revoke the secession ordinance, abolish slavery, and repay some of the war debts.However, the Radical Republicans were against this. South was democratic. Black Codes: any kind of codes used to discriminate against blacks. Beginning of segregation, doesn't specify race or whatever?grandfather clause. Freedman's Bureau: 50 acres and a mule. Wade-Davis Bill: radicals view. Republicans being very angry at Johnny's Ideas. Resistance of wage labor: against the blacks. The point when the blacks were trying to get Jobs, paid less or discriminated or didn't have wage. Wen t around to a lot of dif. Places, subsistence farmers. Thirteenth Amendment Fourteenth Amendment Blacks were citizensFifteenth Amendment gave black citizens the right to vote. = treatment under the law. Radical Republicans Reconstruction was about rebuilding society?totalitarian society. 5 dif. Military districts. SC the last state to be released from this. Radical Reconstruction Johnny's Impeachment not really removed from office. Impeached because he Election of 1868: Grant. Grant was a war hero Run for office and most likely win. Women's suffrage : homestead act. Women that moved out west were more Independent with the farms, were widows b/c their husbands died. More Independent women In the west.Carpetbaggers and scalawags: Carpetbaggers: entrees from the north. SC: southerners who believe in northern stuff. A lot of free open land, start businesses Go down south and get cheap land, some are sympathizers (n) SC: okay with new people moving down, help rebuild economy Black offic eholders: They can win because of gerrymandering (taking a district and shaping it oddly) Black majorities, had the eggbeater clause, make up rules and try to dissuade them from running. Rare because the whites were against it. Sharecropping: south has a lot of land, what happens is the freedman's bureau gives 50 acres of land.Split up land and give It to the people. Blacks turned to land for support: live off of It, subsistence farming, part of land went back to the people that lived there. Nicer way for the masters to get their stuff back. Rise of the UK Klux Klan Nathan Bedford Forest. Starts the ASK. A confederate general who starts it out of (Knights of White Camilla) hate. Anybody that was going to run, they intimidate them. Tried to scare them away, threats, one of the first terrorist groups. Redeemers ex-confederates that wanted to restore the south. Self-government, social standard.

Shakespeare’s presentation of the Courtly World of Messina in the play’s opening acts

The concept of the courtly world goes beyond the mere setting of the royal court and is largely presented as a life style, especially with regards to romance. This idea has transcended time, with Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales depicting a similar courtly world in the Knight’s tale, a story that possessed broadly similar features to Much Ado About Nothing. This world is set firmly in a period where the monarchy was the centre of English life. This, perhaps, explains why some aspects, especially the apparent degradation of women until they become objects, are somewhat uncomfortable for modern readers as our liberal society views this as sexist, far from a Victorian audience’s view that this was normal life. The structure of the play is instrumental in establishing the recurring themes of a courtly world, most notably the hierarchical and patriarchal structures that operate in this setting. This is most obvious from the dramatis personae, with its order beginning with men at the top and women at the bottom highlighting the gender roles within the courtly world and love itself as it is men who essentially do the courting. This idea is alluded to in the war-like scenes of ‘take her hearing prisoner’ as war is usually the domain of men and by referring to love as a battlefield, it is therefore inferred that love is the domain of men, with the reference to a woman as a ‘prisoner’ reinforcing the passive, helpless female role. This point is further emphasized by the fact that most scenes are initiated by a male as this establishes the idea that men come first and are the dominant presence, a concept that is perpetuated through this courtly world. The form is repeatedly used to reinforce the features of the courtly world to the audience. Being a play, the dominant role of men is highly apparent though their overrepresentation in the dialogue, nowhere more so than in conversations with Hero. Her lack of a response to ‘Speak, cousin; or if you cannot, stop his mouth with a kiss’ encapsulates the idea that women weren’t valued for their opinions, but merely their sexuality as a wife and childbearer as the ‘kiss’ suggests – Hero can only communicate with men though sexual appeal rather than her intelligence or personality. Ironically, despite being outspoken, Beatrice is only able to do so by adopting ‘masculine’ traits such as the scorner of love persona emulated by Benedick. The mere fact that the only way that Beatrice is able to speak up is through being ‘one of the guys’ reinforces the idea that it was unnatural for a woman of the courtly world to be opinionate d as it was a trait primarily associated with men. The language used, in itself, is largely representative of the features of the courtly world. The men, in particular, use witty, almost poetry like phrases, such as ‘My visor is Philemon’s roof; within the house is Jove/ Speak low if you speak love’. This passage is almost in ballad form, which, being the poetry of love, reinforces the romance associated with the courtly world. The fact, however, that such poetic language is used, is somewhat representative of the idea that the courtly world is a fantastical aspiration for most people as, like poetry, it is the construct of an individual’s imagination and is not really representative of real life. The masquerade ball, talk of which dominates much of the first part of the play, further encapsulates this idea. I say this because the idea of dissembling is highly apparent in the ball and dissembling is not too far from the idea that the view portrayed of the people, like the courtly world, is mainly a construc t, yet underneath, the reality is a lot less perfect than the what audience actually sees. The main feature of the courtly world appears to be power as this idea recurs in many ways throughout the play. The witty language used by the men is not only symbolic of the constructed courtly world, but is used mainly a tool for them to show off and gain power over one another. The same can be said for the structure as the dramatis personae is essentially a power list going in descending order. What is most interesting about this, however, is the fact that women are always at the bottom which suggests that this is less about power than it is playing to gender roles where men are required to assert themselves, just as woman are required to remain passive. This idea would sit at odds with a modern audience, as our post-feminism society finds fault with everything that separates men and women into gender roles and this patriarchal courtly world would be considered highly sexist in our modern day.

Media influence in Vietnam

Media influence in Vietnam BY jetports In the sass's the US was pushed Into a large scale Involvement In the crisis in Vietnam. This crisis called for thousands of men to be called to duty for the greater good of democracy. While the war was taking place nearly 8,000 miles off the US shores, it was also unfolding in front of the eyes of the US citizen on national television. For the first time in warfare, the outcome of what unfolded on television instead of what unfolded on the battlefield played a larger role in determining the victor than the opposing force.This is the first but in no way the last time that media ill have a determining effect on the outcome of the war. Many people question the true effect that the US media had on the outcome of the war because they don't realize how much of the war the American public was truly seeing. As the war was beginning to unfold, the average American family was centered around the television. Families back home could sit in front of the TV at any time they desired and see a whole days worth of fighting.At the height of escalation, Robert Elegant served as foreign correspondent for Newsweek. â€Å"War has always been beastly, but the Vietnam war was the first war exposed to television cameras and seen in rustically every home, often In Miming color. Not surprisingly this close-up view of devastation and suffering, repeated daily, strengthened the growing desire for peace†l. Through his own personal experience, Robert saw firsthand the effects of media on the war. By seeing this daily occurrence of media coverage, him and many others can agree that it is to blame for US defeat.At the beginning of the war United States reporters and correspondents set out on relaying American progress in Vietnam back to the homegrown. As the war continued, attempting to send good news home showed to be nearly Impossible. Even with the Increase of media coverage, the U. S. Reporters weren't even able to accomplish what they had or iginally set out to do in the first place, instead they practically diminished what little support remained. If anything what they accomplished was the exact opposite of what they set out to do.As Robert Elegance's corresponding continued, much of what he and other reporters captured stayed the same. â€Å"The best of their reporting accurately conveyed the horror of war. † The news that would reach the living rooms of Americans everywhere would be the news of loss and tragedy In the Jungles of Vietnam. In a time when President Johnson needed public support the most he lost it, thus creating a war on two fronts, one against the Vietnamese, and the other against his own people.With a war for public support beginning, President Johnson and many other prominent United States political figures were beginning to worry. Johnson knew that if he was to lose all of his public support then he would surely lose the war. George Moss, a professor at City college, has a much different view point on the effect of media. Moss believes that the media had no effect on the outcome, the main cause for the loss was distrust n Johnson. During the Et offensive, much of US public support declined. â€Å"Many Americans had turned against the war and had distrusted Johnson long before Et†al.Before the Et offensive had occurred, public support was rather high but once the war had heightened in the late sass's Johnson had begin to see his lack of support. Moss' theory that distrust In Johnson had caused the US defeat In Vietnam Is quickly which is simply the misinterpretation of facts and use of devastating footage. â€Å"Wars have been badly reported in the past. Facts have been MIS-stated, and their interpretation has been biased. Emotions have been deliberately inflamed, and the reporters have ridden to fame on waves of misinterpretation.But never before war coming from the media, the loss of public support can be directly related to the coverage from reporters and corre spondents. Many people may say that the reason that Vietnam was lost was because of poor military or political planning when entering Vietnam, without the media however the people would have never seen how much of a devastating impact these flaws caused. â€Å"The United States lost the Vietnam War because flawed political and military strategic thinking had trapped it in a instant stalemate that would never have sustained popular support. This may have been the case, however without the coverage of the media citizens would have had no way of being informed of these flaws and public support may have never diminished because of it. â€Å"At any given moment, a million images were available to the camera's lens. † When Americans were able to see what was actually happening in Vietnam because of their half hearted politics and military strategy. You may be able to argue that the military and political set ups of the war were flawed but they will ultimately trace back to being b rought to light by media coverage.

Lierary Response House on Mango Street

The House on Mango Street written by Sandra Concerns, the vignette titled, â€Å"There was an Old Woman She Had So Many Children She Didn't Know What to Do†, may seem insignificant at first when Concerns begins to describe a woman with a lot of troubled children, a common scenario In neighborhoods such as Mango Street.Then as we delve deeper Into the passage, we begin to realize that the mother, Rosa Barras, Is neglectful, which may not be her fault; she Is troubled with the amount of children she has and plagued with the ruder of sadness that her husband left her with all of these children, alone and with no money to aid her. These children are starving for attention and by practically railing themselves. At first, members of the community attempt to help with their upbringing but eventually, because of the lack of results, the people become tired of trying and stop caring.They don't care when the children hurt themselves, even when Angel Barras falls from a great height and dies, â€Å"†¦ And nobody looked up not once the day Angel Barras learned to fly and dropped from the sky like a sugar donuts, gust like a falling star, and exploded down to earth without even an Oh†. Concerns seems to be playing off the old African saying, â€Å"It takes a village to raise a child†. This vignette is included to bear the question, who is to blame for Angel's death?Himself, because he behaved recklessly; his absent father, whose departure no doubt contributed to his lack of respect â€Å"for all things living, including [himself]†; his mother, who was not watching him but who at the same time was unable to do so effectively; or his neighbors, for not caring for or about his actions? Concerns chooses to include Rosa Barras in this vignette. Rosa also represents the challenges faced by single mothers.She has more children than she can count and is plagued with despair after her husband leaves her without a penny to help take care of all of her children or even a reason explaining why he left. She is troubled with all of these children and it is too many for her to keep her eye on. By the end of the vignette we can infer she has lost her son and now not only does she have to deal with the absence of her husband but now the loss of her son.

Globalising a new enterprice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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