Java :: essays papers

deep brown deep brown is the substance whose aroma is awakening the cyberspace community. It is a new programming language developed by Sun Microsystems that hasmuch in common with the beverage that shares its name. Its good, itshot, and people know it around the world. Java (the programming language)beats the other stuff hands down though, its free. Many have heard ofJava, yet few know what it is, or what it can do. It sure has thepotential to become a part of our everyday lives, existing in our mobilephones, televisions, and Internet browsers. If you are interested in yourfuture read on. Java is still in its infancy stage, yet to fulfil its intendedpurpose. Designed in 1990 as an embedded language for consumerelectronics, it was later discovered to be an ideal interface to theInternet. In 1996, Netscape added Java support to its popular NavigatorWeb browser. The Web began to stir from its static text coma as excitedprogrammers began to interconnected Java applications, applets, into theirWeb pages.An applet is same an application, but it doesnt run stand-alone.An applet must adhere to a set of conventions that allows it to run withina Java-compatible browser. The technology is still evolving, and today, about Java applets are simple animations, or user interactions. The futureis brighter, promising full-blown applications over the Internet imagineusing Microsoft Office from your television. For now, though, those whohave undergo an applet may be left disappointed. A casual user isunlikely to be impressed with scrolling text, or simple animations,especially if they must pay for them with change magnitude download times. Behind the scenes, unbeknownst to them, truly amazing things arehappening.A Java applet begins its life by being called by a Web page. To betechnologically correct, the applet is embedded in the Web page. The Webbrowser then downloads the applet and runs it on your machine. If youjust missed the amazing part it runs on y our machine. How can a programfrom an unknown source be trusted to run on your computer without yourpermission? It cant unless that program was created using a securelanguage like Java, and then wrapped with a secure viewing browser likeNetscape Navigator. The concept of being able to run applications on yoursystem is significant for some(prenominal) reasons. If you want to see a picture,but dont have a picture viewer, you can get both at once.

An Analysis of Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Essays -- Charlotte Bronte

An Analysis of Charlotte Brontes Jane EyreCharlotte Brontes Jane Eyre is presented in the Victorian Period of England. It is a novel which tells the story of a childs maturation into adulthood. Janes developing record has been shaped by her rough childhood. She has been influenced by many people and experiences. As a woman of her time, Jane has had to deal with the strain of physical appearance. This has a great loading on her mental thinking and decision making. Jane Eyres cognitive and physical attributes have been affected by her environment throughout her life. Jane Eyre was born an orphan and raised infra the hands of a heartless Aunt. Aunt Reed stressed to Jane that she was privileged to live so well without any parents. At a young age, she has to relegate the hardships of life. Janes cousin, John Reed, emphasizes to her you are a dependent, you have no money, your father left you none, and you ought to beg (17). With this in mind, Jane Eyre must continue through her early eld in life depending on no one but herself. Jane is a wicked child according to Mrs. Reed and Mr. Brocklehurst, the master of a boarding school. She is admitted into Lowood School for orphans chthonian the orders of her master, she must stand on a stool for a day to release her sin. Janes isolation and unrelenting punishment is a result of her rebellious position toward adults. Helen Burns is Janes companion who she can relate to and rely on during her hard times. When Helen becomes sick, Jane becomes angry and is determined to leave Lowood as soon as she can. Janes eight years at Lowood resemble life in a prison. Mr. Brocklehursts goal is to not to accustom them to the habits of luxury and indulgence, but to render them hardy... ...rs Jane comes back to see him. She realizes that she still contends him. She longs to be loved. He is the only person that will give her a chance of a real relationship. Jane has discovered her heart. Jane makes decisions based on the outcomes. W hatever she decides, she wants passion and love to be a direct result. She only feels this with Mr. Rochester. Mrs. Reed and Mr. Brocklehurst have given Jane a restriction on life. As soon as she arrives at Thornfield, her strict life is rescued by Mr. Rochester. Rochester reveals his desire for her, and she is finally led into the world of love. She no longer has to deny herself of her emotions, but is free to express them. Janes appearance has not prohibited her from achieving what she desires, but becomes a major part of her reasoning.Works CitedBronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 1996.

Capital Punishment Essay - It’s Time to Put Murderers in Their Graves :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Death Penalty Essays Its Time to Put Murderers in Their Graves You ar running down the street with your best agonist not too farbehind. You manage to round the corner, but you hear your friend trip.Suddenly a shot rings out. Your friend screams. You continue to run, butlook back and see the man who was following you pull out a large knife.Shocked in terror you can only blankly stare as the man proceed to cut yourfriend to pieces. The blade move once. There is an explosion of red. Theblade falls twice. Entrails spill onto the floor. The blade falls threetimes, four times, five, six. He then reaches down and dips is hand intothe rumpus pool of crimson that soaks the ground. Lifting his hand hebegins to write on the wall in front of him with the freshly spilled bloodof your now dead friend. Would a occurrence like this horrify you? Well you should know thatseven murders just like this occurred in two nights. The man responsibleis Charles Manson. Manson is the leader of a large ma dness following, and even after beingarrested for his truly horrific deeds still influences the cult today. In1975 one of Mansons followers, Lynette Squeaky Fromme, made anassassination attempt on then president Gerald Ford, in Mansons name. Evennow if you go to New York City you can find shirts with his picture on them,glorifying him. Songs have been written evaluate him. But together these have not yet touched the scariest thing aboutCharles Manson. The thing that you should be most frightened of is thatCharles Manson, and many like him are alive, with chance of parole. Yesthis murderous madman could yet again run rampant in the world. It is forthis reason that the death penalty is necessary. Capital punishment is the system by which the people who havecommitted the most heinous crimes are executed either by electric chair,gas chamber, or lethal injection. Despite the malign and malice presented by such people there are somewho would deem this practice inhumane. It seems strange to me that thewelfare of the community should not come in advance that of a convictedmurderer. If there is any chance that this person could possibly committhis crime again it should be impossible to come to a decision ,such asputting them in jail with chance of parole, that could conceivable placethe lives of law abiding citizens in danger. Furthermore do they trulyexpect us to see that placing them in cells like caged animals is truly

Semantic Web :: Technology, The Green Guide

To establish the extent to which semantic web has been applied in the sustainable building technology domain, an extensive literature search was undertaken. oneness of the key findings of the review was that there was no veritable significant application of the semantic web to sustainable building technologies. The few studies with at least well-nigh sustainability issues in the built environment are in Macris and Georgakellos (2006) and Edum-Fotwe and Price (2009). Macris and Georgakellos (2006) explored the use of ontologies to help students to understand the contemporary global environmental issues, how they are linked and co-ordinated and to consider the different views of these issues, before reaching a decision or judgment. Edum-Fotwe and Price (2009), on the other hand, explored the use of ontologies in appraising sustainability of construction projects and emergence from the social component of sustainable development. The ontologies developed by Macris and Georgakellos (2006) and Edum-Fotwe and Price (2009) are nothing more than academic papers and have never gone beyond prototypical system levels. However, it emerged that there is abundance of kilobyte/sustainability specifications/standards/ratings/metrics in the literature dealing with various aspects of sustainable constructions. Some examples of these specifications are the Market duty period Programme database that contains the different building household appliances in the UK houses arranged in a well-defined taxonomy (Market Transformation Programme 2010 Firth et al. 2008 Wood and Newborough 2007), the discolor Guide to Specifications (Anderson et al. 2009), the Uniclass (Smith et al. 1997) and the lead in Energy & environmental Design (LEED 2010). The one thousand Guide aims to provide a simple green guide to the environmental impacts of building materials which is easy-to-use and soundly found on numerical data. Uniclass is a new new classification contrivance for the constructio n industryindustry (Smith et al. 1997). It is intended for organising library materials and for structuring product literature and project information. It incorporates both CAWS (Common array of Work Sections for building works) and EPIC (Electronic Product instruction Co-operation), a new system for structuring product data and product literature. The Green Guide is part of BREEAM (BRE Environmental Assessment Method) an accredited environmental rating scheme for buildings. LEED is an internationally recognized green building certification system developed by the US Green Building Council, providing third-party verification that a building or community was designed and built using strategies intended to improve performance in metrics such as energy savings, water efficiency, CO2 emissions reduction, meliorate indoor environmental quality, and stewardship of resources and sensitivity to their impacts.Semantic Web Technology, The Green GuideTo establish the extent to which sem antic web has been applied in the sustainable building technology domain, an extensive literature search was undertaken. One of the key findings of the review was that there was no real significant application of the semantic web to sustainable building technologies. The few studies with at least some sustainability issues in the built environment are in Macris and Georgakellos (2006) and Edum-Fotwe and Price (2009). Macris and Georgakellos (2006) explored the use of ontologies to help students to understand the contemporary global environmental issues, how they are linked and interrelated and to consider the different views of these issues, before reaching a decision or judgment. Edum-Fotwe and Price (2009), on the other hand, explored the use of ontologies in appraising sustainability of construction projects and development from the social component of sustainable development. The ontologies developed by Macris and Georgakellos (2006) and Edum-Fotwe and Price (2009) are nothing m ore than academic papers and have never gone beyond prototypical system levels. However, it emerged that there is abundance of green/sustainability specifications/standards/ratings/metrics in the literature dealing with various aspects of sustainable constructions. Some examples of these specifications are the Market Transformation Programme database that contains the different building household appliances in the UK houses arranged in a well-defined taxonomy (Market Transformation Programme 2010 Firth et al. 2008 Wood and Newborough 2007), the Green Guide to Specifications (Anderson et al. 2009), the Uniclass (Smith et al. 1997) and the Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design (LEED 2010). The Green Guide aims to provide a simple green guide to the environmental impacts of building materials which is easy-to-use and soundly based on numerical data. Uniclass is a new recent classification scheme for the construction industryindustry (Smith et al. 1997). It is intended for organis ing library materials and for structuring product literature and project information. It incorporates both CAWS (Common Arrangement of Work Sections for building works) and EPIC (Electronic Product Information Co-operation), a new system for structuring product data and product literature. The Green Guide is part of BREEAM (BRE Environmental Assessment Method) an accredited environmental rating scheme for buildings. LEED is an internationally recognized green building certification system developed by the US Green Building Council, providing third-party verification that a building or community was designed and built using strategies intended to improve performance in metrics such as energy savings, water efficiency, CO2 emissions reduction, improved indoor environmental quality, and stewardship of resources and sensitivity to their impacts.

Transmission of Livestock Diseases to Humans Essay -- Health Science P

Transmission of Livestock Diseases to Humans For decades now, death and disease have driven the progress of technology. Through the advancements of science, numerous diseases have been made obsolete and many more are drawing closer and closer to being conquered. However, with all the diseases that we have defeated, more and more hold on appearing. And old diseases that we thought we were protected against have made comebacks. An example of this is Foot and Mouth Disease. Since 1930 the United States of America has prohibited the importation of livestock and fresh, chilled, or frosty meat from countries in which rinderpest or foot-and-mouth disease exist, (Publication 1343, 49). The United States is considered a Foot and Mouth Disease Free country. However, that does non mean that we have not been active in trying to get rid of FMD in other countries. There was an Argentine-United States Joint commission on FMD held in 1966. In a announce on this meeting it was stated that, The conditions under which the virus of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) survives in animal tissues have long been matters of fundamental interest to all officials concerned with the saloon and control of the disease, (Publication 1343, 3). There was a CENTO Seminar on Viral Diseases held in Istanbul, Turkey on June 12-17, 1972. This seminar had a special emphasis on FMD and rinderpest-like diseases. A discussion of disease-free zones and the regulations for these zones was brought up (Girard 93). Some of the stated regulations included complete control of domestic livestock movement, traffic of persons to and from an area that has been quarantined should be restricted and if an outbreak would occur, no animals thunder mug be exported, all the animals in... ...ases. Vol. 7, Issue 4. Jul/Aug 2001. Petersen, Lyle R. & John T. Roehrig, Guest Editors. West Nile Virus A Reemerging Global Pathogen. Emerging Infectious Diseases. Vol. 7, Issue 4. Jul/Aug 2001. Sibbald, Barbar a. Quebec Clear Way for substance abuse of Aerial Pesticides to Combat West Nile Virus. CMAJ Canadian Medical Association diary. Vol. 165, Issue 4. 8/21/2001, p. 463. Tyler, Kenneth L., M.D. West Nile Virus Encephalitis in America. The New England Journal of Medicine. Vol. 344, No. 24. June 14, 2001. Weir, Erica. Foot and Mouth Disease in Animals and Humans. Canadian Medical Association Journal. Vol. 164, Issue 9. 5/1/01 Yang, Joo-Sung, et al. Induction of Potent Th1-Type Immune Responses from a Novel DNA Vaccine for West Nile Virus New York Isolate (WNV-NY1999). The Journal of Infectious Diseases. Vol. 184, 2001.

Transmission of Livestock Diseases to Humans Essay -- Health Science P

Transmission of Livestock Diseases to Humans For decades now, death and disease get under ones skin driven the progress of technology. Through the advancements of science, many diseases have been made obsolete and many more are drawing closer and closer to being conquered. However, with all the diseases that we have defeated, more and more keep appearing. And gray diseases that we thought we were protected against have made comebacks. An example of this is Foot and Mouth Disease. Since 1930 the United States of America has prohibited the importation of livestock and fresh, chilled, or frozen nitty-gritty from countries in which rinderpest or foot-and-mouth disease exist, (Publication 1343, 49). The United States is considered a Foot and Mouth Disease Free country. However, that does not mean that we have not been prompt in trying to get rid of FMD in other countries. There was an Argentine-United States Joint commission on FMD held in 1966. In a report on this meeting it was stated that, The conditions under which the virus of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) survives in animal tissues have long been matters of fundamental interest to all officials concerned with the prevention and tally of the disease, (Publication 1343, 3). There was a CENTO Seminar on Viral Diseases held in Istanbul, Turkey on June 12-17, 1972. This seminar had a special emphasis on FMD and rinderpest-like diseases. A discussion of disease-free zones and the regulations for these zones was brought up (Girard 93). just about of the stated regulations included complete control of domestic livestock movement, traffic of persons to and from an area that has been quarantined should be restricted and if an outbreak would occur, no animals can be exported, all the animals in... ...ases. Vol. 7, Issue 4. Jul/Aug 2001. Petersen, Lyle R. & John T. Roehrig, Guest Editors. West Nile Virus A Reemerging Global Pathogen. Emerging Infectious Diseases. Vol. 7, Issue 4. Jul/Aug 2001. S ibbald, Barbara. Quebec Clear Way for Use of aerial Pesticides to Combat West Nile Virus. CMAJ Canadian Medical Association Journal. Vol. 165, Issue 4. 8/21/2001, p. 463. Tyler, Kenneth L., M.D. West Nile Virus Encephalitis in America. The New England Journal of Medicine. Vol. 344, nary(prenominal) 24. June 14, 2001. Weir, Erica. Foot and Mouth Disease in Animals and Humans. Canadian Medical Association Journal. Vol. 164, Issue 9. 5/1/01 Yang, Joo-Sung, et al. Induction of Potent Th1-Type Immune Responses from a unfermented DNA Vaccine for West Nile Virus New York Isolate (WNV-NY1999). The Journal of Infectious Diseases. Vol. 184, 2001.

Hamlet is a thinker not a man of action Essay

crossroadss one mission in the play is to vindicate the death of his father by killing Claudius, however his procrastination leads to his untimely death, the deaths of some(prenominal) others in the Danish court and the relinquishment of Denmark to Fortinbras. villages beginning words show a desire of revenge towards Claudius A little more than kin and less than kind. But later in his soliloquy we bring down that he is proceedually closer to killing himself, than killing Claudius or the perpetrator O that this too too sullied flesh would melt, / Thaw and resolve itself into a dew, He doesnt even contemplate killing Claudius he hopes that the situation will resolve itself, which it never will, showing his unwillingness to act. This soliloquy also shows that he is non the bravest of people, as he put forwardnot tell his mother how he really feels, another restrictive character trait when trying to revenge someone But break, my gist for I must hold my tongue. In his soliloquy st raight after Hamlets conversation with the Ghost he seems determine to kill his uncle, thy teaching alone shall live / Within the book and volume of my brain. The use of the word commandment shows that he will follow the Ghosts word religiously. This shows that he is resolute, as a man of action would be. However, this is countered al almost immediately at the end of the scene O cursed spite, / That ever I was born to find it right. This shows that Hamlet is scared to subscribe to out what he has to do, he would often rather someone else revenge his father than he. The first device that Hamlet uses to act out his revenge is to pretend to be mad. By this pretence he hopes to draw the attention away of the court away from him so that he can watch and follow Claudius to see if he is showing any signs of guilt. He tells Guildenstern of his madness. I am mad but north-north-west. When the wind is / southerly, I know a hawk from a handsaw. His stated intention is to rack up irrefuta ble evidence of Claudiuss villainy. He initiates this by visiting Ophelia in a state of undress and handing her a drive in letter, making Polonius believe that his madness is due to Ophelias rejection of him. Hamlet uses his feigned madness to show his true emotions and insult people he doesnt like You are a fishmonger. A fishmonger in Elizabethan times could have meant pimp, showing that Hamlet thinks that Polonius is using his daughter to gain favour within the court.Hamlets feigned madness does affect Claudius in the first act he delivers long speeches, but by dissemble 2 he is reduced to short sentences like We will try it. This is an action, but it is one that allows him to procrastinate. When Hamlet is left alone he laments his weakness and inactivity. An worker could weep at the imagined grief of Hecuba, whereas Hamlet fails to respond to the murder of his father Tears in his eyes, distraction in his aspect, / A broken voice, and his whole federal agency suiting / form s to his conceit? And all for nothing / For Hecuba Hamlets principles cause him a great deal of self-criticism Why what an ass am I This is most brave, / That I the son of a dear father murderd, / Prompted to my revenge by heaven and hell, / Must like a whore unpack my totality with words/ And fall a-cursing like a genuinely drab, He curses his inactivity, showing that, al molar concentrationgh he is a thinker, he would prefer to be a man of action. At the end of the soliloquy he seems resolved to revenge Claudius, the Mouse-Trap play is a form of revenge against Claudius, but again it is not direct revenge, as he is still procrastinating.The fact that he has not confronted Claudius four months after confirmation from the ghost that Claudius is the guilty party shows that he is definitely a thinker. Hamlets soliloquy at the start of wreak 3 still shows his overwhelming desire to think, particularly about suicide To be or not to be. The fact that he is still has time for soliloqui es, and that he is not trying to hunt Claudius down and kill him, shows that he is definitely a thinker. Hamlet shows a lack of self knowledge as he cannot, as he intended in Act 1 sc 5 with wings as swift / As meditation or the thoughts of love / May sweep to my revenge. Instead he broods on his fathers death and even when he gets proof from Claudiuss reaction to the Mouse Trap play, Ill take the ghosts word for a thousand pound. He hesitates and needs hike up spurring by the ghost in Act 3 to whet thy almost blunted purpose. Hamlet has the perfect opportunity to kill Claudius in Act 3 sc 3, but again he procrastinates, letting himself think about what will happen to Claudius soul A villain kills my father, and for that I, his sole son, do this same villain send to heaven. He doesnt act, because he thinks that Claudius is praying, cleansing his soul. This would send him to heaven, not hell where he belongs. The irony is that Claudius himself has too much on his conscience and ca nnot pray, My words fly up, my thoughts remain below. / Words without thoughts never to heaven go. Hamlet curses himself in a later soliloquy for his lack of action. Hamlets first action of physical revenge is to stab Polonius behind the arras. This action shows that he can only do something on the spur of the moment.If hed had time to think about it, he would have found a way around stabbing the person behind the arras, electing instead to procrastinate. Hamlet meets Fortinbras army in Act 4 sc 4, which makes him feel depressed when he compares himself to Fortinbras the Norwegian Prince is prepared to fight over something of very little value, dapple he hasnt yet taken revenge for the murder of his father and the seduction of his mother How all occasions do inform against me, / And spur my weary revenge. Hamlet does what he always does when confronted with a problem he has a soliloquy. However, this is his last soliloquy, which could suggest that he is done with thinking now, and will finally carry out his revenge. Hamlet shows another decisive action, in dealing with the betrayal of his one-time friends, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern and with Claudius attempt to have him killed on his way to England. He replaces his own name with that of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern in the letter, ensuring that they will be killed in his place.He also Boards a pirate ship so that he can return to Denmark, these are all very decisive actions focused to towards revenging his fathers death. Hamlets entrance into Ophelias funeral certainly is more action-focussed than his previous actions This is I, / Hamlet the Dane. His fight with Laertes, declaration of his love of Ophelia and his switch from prose to verse show that he is longer talking his self into lying and misleading others. Therefore he is not thinking as much as he is acting.Hamlets next action is to duel with Laertes, not knowing that it has been fixed so that Hamlet will die, but as with most strategies in the play , it does go according to plan Both Laertes and Hamlet are wounded by the poisoned sword, Gertrude drinks the poisoned wine, and one of Hamlets dying acts is to force out Claudius to drink the poisoned wine, which he does with relish, enjoying the power he has, and the fact that he is killing the person who killed his father, seduced his mother, taken his thrown and plotted to kill him twice Here thou incestuous, murdrous, damned Dane, / Drink off this potion.Is thy union here? / Follow my mother. His action here was done purely, without any thought. As he dies Hamlet names Fortinbras as his successor to the throne of Denmark. He admires Fortinbras as a man of action, seeing that that is what his country needs to return stability to it, I do prophesy thelection lights / On Fortinbras. He has my dying voice. The time frame of the play helps to reinforce the impression of time passing. Individuals in the play travel from Denmark to Norway, Poland and England, from the court to the countryside. secernate the activity of Laertes and Fortinbras with the prolonged inactivity of Hamlet. As the hero in this tragedy Hamlet doesnt have one, sole, character flaw that leads to his untimely death. He is a thinker involved in a dilemma that can only be solved successfully by a man of action. His inability to act swiftly and decisively without high motivation in connection with his fathers murder brings havoc to the Danish court, his own death and the death of many others in the court. If he had been a man of action Claudius would have been killed months before.

Does the Internet Make You Dumber Essay

A psychologist, Patricia Greenfield has reviewed studies in our cognitive abilities from which Carr claims demonstrates we are becoming shallower (Carr 2010, p. w1). Carr refers to two specific examples. An experiment at Cornwell University, this was a pure survey conducted in a classroom, the number of pupils was not documented in the article. Another experiment conducted at Stanford University with the conclusion being heavy multi-taskers were not strong at multi-tasking, as everything became a distraction. The more the person multi-tasks the more easily distrait and had less control over their attention.This experiment was more comprehensive. To plump for up claims that the internet pitchs the way we think, Carr refers to an experiment done on primates in the 1970s and 1980s. The test seems extensive on how quickly our brains circuits responce can change based on our can experience. This doesnt talk about how quickly the brain can therefore revert back when needed for more t houghtful activities such as when reading a book. Carr assumes that the increase level of visual-spatial intelligence needed for fast internet usage is a negative.Carr hasnt considered the effectiveness the increased spatial intelligence gives its user in other areas of technological advancement that require this skill set. Carr assumes that the internet is the main reason for people becoming distracted and therefore having low cognitive abilities, Carrs studies dont include how distractions can come in all forms not just pop ups and advertisements on a computer screen. He further assumes the classroom experiment revealing the internet didnt help the learners is typical for all internet users.Undeniably Carr is accountability in his notions of the internet being an easy distraction multi-tasking and prioritising are learnt skills and ones that are undeniably tested by the internets powers of distraction. In our increasingly fast paced world multitasking is a necessary for survival, and therefore will continue to be a required skill for our future. Multitasking is needed in all facets of life making the skill a valuable one. References Carr, N 2010, Does the internet make you dumber? , The Wall Street Journal p W1

Business Model and Strategic Plan Essay

For more than four decades, the semi packor device industry has distinguished itself by the quick pace of improvement in its products. Trends have resulted principally from the industrys ability to exponentially decrease the minimum feature sizes use upd to contrive coordinated circuits and other products. Of course, the close to frequently cited trend is in integration level, which is usually expressed as Moores Law (that is, the number of components per chip duplicate roughly every 24 months). The most significant trend is the decreasing cost-per-function, which has led to significant improvements in economic productivity and all general caliber of conduct throughproliferation of computers, communication, and other industrial and consumer electronics. All of these improvement trends, some snips called scaling trends, have been enabled by capacious R&D investments. In the last leash decades, the growing size of the required investments has motivated industry collaborat ion and spawned many R&D partnerships, consortia, and other cooperative ventures. To help evanesce these R&D programs, the semiconducting material Industry Association (SIA) initiated The National Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (NTRS), which had 1992, 1994, and 1997 editions.In 1998, the SIA was joined by corresponding industry associations in Europe, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan to participate in a 1998 update of the Roadmap and to begin work toward the first International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS), published in 1999. Since then, the ITRS has been updated in take down-numbered years and fully revised in odd-numbered years. The overall prey of the ITRS is to present industry-wide consensus on the best current estimate of the industrys research and development sine qua nons out to a 15-year horizon. As such, it get outs a guide to the efforts of companies, universities, governments, and other research providers or funders. The ITRS has improved the quality of R&D investment decisions made at all levels and has helped channel research efforts to aras that most need research breakthroughs. It is forecasted that by the end of this next decade (2019) it will be necessary to augment the capabilities of the CMOS process by introducing multiple recent devices that will hopefully realize some properties beyond the ones of CMOS devices.However, it is believed that most likely these new devices will not have all the properties of CMOS devices and therefore it is anticipated that heterogeneous integration each(prenominal) at the chip level or at the package level will integrate these new capabilities around a CMOS core. The participation and continued consensus of semiconducting material experts from Europe, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and the U.S.A. check out that the 2011 ITRS re mains the definitive source of guidance for semiconductor research as we strive to extend the historical patterned advance of semiconductor technology and the comp ound circuit commercialize. ON Semiconductor Corporation was founded in 1999 and packd Cherry Semiconductor the next year. In the next six years, from 2005 to 2011, the beau monde opened seven solvent Engineering Centers in Korea, Oregon, Taiwan, and Germany, California, China, and Japan. In addition, the union also acquired tencompanies, namely LSI Logic Gresham, Oregon Design & Manufacturing Facility, ADI Voltage Regulation & Thermal Management Group, AMI Semiconductor, throttle valve Semiconductor, PulseCore Semiconductor, California Micro Devices, Sound Design Technologies, Cypress Image Sensor Business Unit, and SANYO Semiconductor.The Application Products Group offers analog, mixed-signal, and advanced logic application specific co-ordinated circuits (IC) power conversions and interfaces between AC and DC. The Standard Products Group offers discrete and integrated semiconductor products, such as power switching, signal conditioning and amplification, circuit protection, and latent difference reference. The SANYO Semiconductor Products Group offers microcontrollers, analog and digital tuners and signal touch on, and memory semiconductors. In 2013, the community introduced the industrys highest resolution optical image stabilization (OIS) integrated circuit (IC) for smartphone camera modules.Strategic Plan Part I Conceptualizing in BusinessA solid strategical analysis is beneficial to shareholders, employees, nodes, and decisions makers within a company. The core of an effective strategic plan contains a well-thought and informative thrill statement. Using the ON Semiconductor Corporation as a benchmark, a mission statement has been developed to differentiate the companys products from the opposition. In addition, the vision statement as plays an valuable role in communicating the ultimate death of the companys strategic decisions. A driving force behind the mission and vision is the companys take accounts and ethical principles, which of ten consecrate the choices made during strategic planning. When it is fully imposeed, the strategic plan will allow ON Semiconductor Corporation to gain a strategic advantage over its established competitors.Mission StatementWe will transform ON Semiconductor Corporation from a traditional broad-line semiconductor company to the leading supplier of programmable solutions in systems everywhere. Semiconductor consolidation is the recent trend of semiconductor companies collaborating in order to come to a practical synergy with the goal of being able to pop off in a business model that can sustain profitability. Newly established solutions will be able to supplylocal communities with quality products at competitive prices while simultaneously creating value for shareholders.Vision StatementON Semiconductor Corporation will grow into the largest provider in emerging markets. The scar will have an established presence in Asia, South America, and Europe with locations being found with in the top 10 major cities on these continents. By saturating the worlds most populous metropolitan cities, ON Semiconductor Corporation will be the most perceptible Corporation in the world.directive Principles, Values, and CultureON Semiconductor Corporation has several important ethical principles that influence major decisions in the strategic planning process. First, the company is concern near making quality products available to the lowest income groups. Therefore, it is important to keep a wide selection of low cost products available on the market. This plows an especially important consideration as we expand in markets that experience high levels of economic struggle. Second, the company is committed to delivering exceptional client service to its patrons. Customer inscription is a driving factor towards the long-term supremacy of the tarnish. Failing to deliver exceptional customer service could seriously hinder the ability to grow into new markets. In order for emp loyees to express ON Semiconductor Corporations guiding principles, it is essential to realize a corporate culture that reflects these principles.Providing ample opportunity for advancement within management hierarchy and the ability to participate in supplemental training will keep employee motivation high. As a result, employees will be eager to follow the ethical values set forth in the strategic plan. It is likely that the company will need to make slight modifications to governing body culture to meet the preferences of various world cultures.Impact on Strategic DirectionThe mission, vision, and values of ON Semiconductor Corporation serve as the k right awayledgeableness for strategic decision making while the company gears up for expansion. When an unexpected variable causes a change in direction, the company will continue to use its mission as a guide for future choices. The primary mission is always to maximize shareholder profits, but the valuesdetermine the approach th e company will take to achieve this goal. Overall, this will help the company build a corporate culture in these new markets that gains the respect of the community. If the company is considered to be helping the local community, the chances of creating an effective strategic plan are highly unlikely.Addressing Customer Needs fatten uping into emerging markets presents a singular challenge to address customers needs. Every country exhibits its own rum culture and it is essential to pander to the preferences of each individual culture. A system that works in the joined States is not likely to see the same level of success in Bangladesh, unless serious modifications are made to the business model. To overcome this challenge, the company will conduct independent research and use paid consultants to determine how to tailor the brands image for success in vastly different cultures. As time progresses, the company will be able to assess strengths and weaknesses by testing different mode ls in each regional area. Gaining shrewdnessful knowledge about each countrys cultural preferences will allow the company to attain a competitive advantage.The nature of strategic management today is seen in the environment-driven strategies of undefeated firms competing in a diverse market. We must understand that faulty assumptions and false information can result in the formulation of poor or even disastrous plans, and change is constant and continuous that yesterdays good plan may not be relevant or of any value today (Pearce & Robinson, 2009). We have to realize that we live in a changing world and business organizations, governmental units and other entities, just like people, have to specify and adapt to survive.Strategic Plan Part II SWOTT AnalysisSWOTT Analysis of ON Semiconductor Corporation is one of the most important components. By providing quality products and prices, the corporation has established a worldwide presence. This SWOTT analysis shows the various streng ths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats, and trends that will impact the company in the future. With promising growth prospects in emerging markets, the company has implemented an self-asserting plan to be establishedthroughout the world. This strategy poses several important risks and opportunities that shape the contents of the SWOTT analysis.Economic TrendsEconomic trends play a major role in the strategic decisions. The brand has an ambitions globose growth plan that is sensitive to economic changes. For example, the company reports that China and India are its main targets for new locations and expects to see significant growth as economic conditions improve. As income levels rise in these countries, it is expected that new owners will be eager to implement proven concepts into the local community. In addition, higher incomes will provide greater opportunity for a loyal customer base. However, if economic conditions start on a downward trend then an aggressive expansion could be threatened by insufficient demand for their product. If franchise owners are not finding the locations profitable, it could create irreparable damage to the companys image abroad and force the closure of new locations.Legal and Regulatory ForcesEach new emerging market presents a unique mix of regulatory and sub judice challenges. For example, the company must adhere to specific regulations. Any major violations could create a major pass to the brand to that could prevent future growth in the country.Supply Chain OperationsMaintaining a consistent product is key to building customer loyalty for ONs. Customers expect to purchase an identical product each time they make transactions with their company. In order to make this possible, the company has a civilise supply fibril web in place to ensure every location has products available. This feat is achieved by utilizing regional distribution networks that supply owners with the proper equipment. edifice a distribution network in overseas markets is significantly more risky than the United. Unknown distributer and freight companies must be chosen by the company to handle these important operational tasks. In the future, ONs will be able to establish a strong supply network to minimize the threatsfaced in international supply chain operations.Opportunities Based on SWOTT AnalysisThe greatest opportunities for ONs can be achieved by differentiating the brand from its main competitors. Primary competitors to ONs market share include Intel Corp, Texas Instruments, Altera Corp and Xilinx Inc., which have established a dominating presence in international markets over the last several decades. ONs has the ability to demonstrate value to their customers by delivering a product that is completely unique from most other companies. A marketing plan that outlines their unique experience that ONs offers will help penetrate markets that are already occupied by competing companies. ONs also has a great opportunity to achieve new innovations that can reduce labor costs.By implementing technology that can alter the duties of employees, the company can increase its operational efficiency. The company can also reduce operational costs within the supply chain by drawing off on experiences in the US market. Building a new supply chain in an emerging market will allow the company to externalize it in the most cost effective manner. Each of these opportunities will play an important role in strategic success of the brand.SWOTT Table External constituentsFactorStrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreatsTrends sphericONs has an established image in overseas marketsSupply Chain management requires additional investment to establish in global marketsMassive new markets in Asia, especially China and IndiaPolitical unrest in African and Middle East MarketsGrowing markets overseas will provide exception growth opportunities EconomicImproved economic conditions will provide suitable owners.Greater disposable in come will prompt some buys to seek more expensive alternatives. Commercial real estate recovery will provide more restaurantlocations domestically. Economic collapse and rising materials costs could impact prices. Global economic recovery is remaining consistentLegal and Regulatory significant safety recordNew global markets present new regulatory challenges sustain strong relationships with foreign business partners Legal costs for breaking foreign regulations accessiond regulation in the USA could raise labor costs.environmentalStrong history of supporting clean environment practicesIncreasing public disapproval in the USAShow a commitment to environmental friendly enterprisingnesssEnvironmental infractions could create media backlashConsumers place greater importance on environmental initiatives. Competitive AnalysisONs unique product line separates it from the competition Stronger brands, such as NXP have more overseas locationsDifferentiate from competing brandsClosely related brands establishing locations in emerging markets. Most major brands and expanding globallySWOTT Table inherent FactorsFactorStrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreatsTrendsStrategyAggressive strategy will provide rapid growthRapid growth could cause investment in new innovations to staff behindContinue to build presence in emerging markets.Aggressive strategy may be rejected by some culturesAsian countries are showing increasing demand for electronicsTechnologiesOptimized efficiency for product processingTechnology still requires significant human capitalAutomation to cut down on manual labor needsCompetitors may develop tech at a faster paceTechnology is decreasing in cost overallInnovationsSocial media marketing in place to build customer loyaltyCompetitors are offering items that appeal to higher qualityAutomate payment processing for rapid orderingNegative media coverage could spread on social mediaCustomers prefer products that efficientIntellectual PropertyONs brand is recogn izable worldwideBrand is associated with low quality budget oriented products Increase awareness of high quality itemsUse of IP by foreign competitors without legal recourseInternet makes it possible to market the product rapidlySummaryONs faces a complex set of challenges as they conduct their aggressive expansion into emerging markets. Ahead of all, the global economic climate poses the greatest risk to the company, as major changes could have a significant impact on the strategys effectiveness. However, competitive pressure dictates that ONs must establish its presence in overseas markets as soon as possible. If the company waits to establish new locations, it many lose the opportunities provided by the current trend of global economic growth. The SWOTT analysis above provides insight that will help the brand mitigate risk as it continues to move forward with the strategy.Strategic Plan Part III Balanced ScorecardAs a method of march on analyzing the strategic goals of ON Semico nductor Corporation, the balanced scorecard provides valuable insight into vision, mission, and values of the company. An analysis from the perspective of shareholders, customer, managers, and employees allows the company to gain astronger understanding of how strategic initiatives will affect these relationships. Each strategic initiative can have a differing impact, depending on the relationship a person has with the company. A strategic initiative aimed at lower costs might be beneficial to shareholders in the short term, but could have a negative impact on customer and employee values. The balanced scorecard attempts to organize strategic objectives based on their specific relationship to ON Semiconductor Corporation.Shareholder Value or Financial eyeshotObjectivesTargetsMeasuresRisk MitigationIncrease customer base by expanding product varietyIncrease domestic revenue by 10% with a new product line over 5 years A trend of 0.5% growth in domestic sales per quarter.Test new item s in a limited number of locations to determine nationwide viability. Decrease international supply chain costs.Lower supply chain costs in international markets by 5% over 2 years This objective should also result in higher operating margins Invest in long-term solutions to supply chain management.Improve price-to-earnings ratio.The current PEG ratio sis 9.05 (NASDAQ 2014) and should be increased to 1.50 A quarterly trend of improvement should be seen in the PEG ratio. Expand into international markets that present the highest overall value.Customer Value PerspectiveObjectivesTargetsMeasuresRisk MitigationImprove company image by marketing new productsIncrease customer recognition of new product offerings.Growth of new product sales of 10% relative to traditional products. Conduct custom surveys to gain insight into new product reception. Improveoverall customer serviceIncrease positive feedback from loyal customersImprove customer feedback by 25% over 1 year.Implement an employee training program focused on customer service Implement delivery to large marketsMake ONs products available with rapid delivery.Implement ONs delivery in at least 5 US citiesTest the delivery system in limited markets earlier mainstream launchProcess or Internal Operations PerspectiveObjectivesTargetsMeasuresRisk MitigationStreamline payments with peregrine devices drop out customers to pay with mobile devicesEnable mobile POS systems at 25% of locationsSurvey customer preferences for mobile paymentsIncrease ordering speed with improved automation.Eliminate need for full time staff by automating production. Reduce total labor costs by 5% over 2 years.Determine long term ROI of investment in automation training and Growth (Employee) PerspectiveObjectivesTargetsMeasuresRisk MitigationOffer new opportunities for advancement within the companyPromote more internal employees to meat manager positions jumper lead the progression tenured of employees within the management hierarchy. Imp lement a training program for employees who desire management positions Improve corporate culture with social mediaAllow greater communication at all levels of company25% employee participation on ONs blog conversationsMonitor and track system to ensure conversations are beneficialSummaryStrategic initiatives are always associated with a certain level of risk. As an internationally recognized brand, it is essential for ON Semiconductor Corporation to make an effort to safeguard its image with any new strategic choice. Failing to maintain the image that has been developed could lead to a decreased ability to move forward with international growth of the brand. In addition, many of the strategic goals require a significant fiscal investment. Any large financial investment should show promise of delivering long-term value to shareholders. This is especially important in the process and internal operations category because it directly impacts the operational success of the company.A st rategic initiative in this category must be designed for the long-term sustainability of the company. Each perspective on the balanced scorecard has unique strategic implications. For example, the strategic goals of the shareholders are significantly different than those of the employees or customers. The managers in charge or implementing a strategic plan must find middle ground between the objectives of each category listed on the balanced scorecard. Each category plays an important role in the success of the organization at large and it is essential that every category be considered during the process. Ultimately, the balanced scorecard will ensure the strategy meets the objectives and values of ON Semiconductor Corporation.ONs competition in the semiconductor industry is widely varied. Direct competitors are other established brand manufacturers, such as Intel, Defunct, Sony, Silicon Wafer Producers, Foundry and Qualcomm. The closest competitor in basis of popularity, growth, a nd product line is the Samsung Electronics. In such a climate, the best investment opportunities will be awarded to companies that have the ingenuity and creativity to meet the customers demands for fashion in an industry driven by economic conditions, demographic trends, and pricing. The industry has moved from a buy now, upgrade later consumer to a buy now, upgrade now consumer. The companys management is confident that the ONs can achieve its aggressive salesforecasts, generating total sales of approximately $20.6 million in years to come.In addition, ONs management has carefully considered its market, potential customer base, and its ability to grow its sales average to capture 10% of the semiconductor industry. ONs has the potential to become a highly regarded resource in local, regional, national, and international markets. Due to the companys aggressive marketing strategy, establishment of the company as a unique entity in its industry, careful development of its products cou pled with strategic partnerships with some of the industrys headliners, and the companys profitable revenue model, ONs has the potential to provide lucrative returns to potential investors. For ONs to achieve status as an industry leader, it must secure initial capital.This capital will be used for start-up costs, to establish a reputable storefront, and to further develop the business, business infrastructure, internal systems, product development, and extensive marketing and geographic positioning. Providing that the company is able to acquire its funding requirements, ONs should be able to achieve operational success for many years to come.ReferencesPearce, J. A. II, & Robinson, R. B. (2009). Strategic management Formulation, implementation, and control(11th ed.). New York, NY McGraw-Hill.Thompson, A. A., Gamble, J. E., & Strickland, A. J. (2006). Strategy Winning in the marketplace Core concepts, analytical tools, cases (2nd ed.). New York, NY McGraw-Hill.

Global Warming and its Effects Essay

There is no doubt that our mankind race has been melting up. Eleven out of the bypast twelve years, that is, 1995 to 2006, have been ranked among the twelve warmest years since 1850 (Global Environmental mental capacity 4, 2007). Humans did not keep systematic records of temperature before 1850 nevertheless, scientists argon sure-footed that there is something terribly wrong with the steady increase of international surface temperature between 1995 and 2006.The evidence of global warming includes the shrinking of beautiful mountain glaciers in many parts of the world thawing of permafrost the early breakup of lake as well as river ice lengthening of growing seasons (especially mid to superior latitude) switch of animal, insect and plant ranges early flowering of trees early emergence of insects and egg laying of birds castrates in ocean currents as well as patterns of hastiness and the change magnitude lifetimes and intensities of tropical storms in several regions of the globe (Climate Change 2007, 2007).Seeing that the poorest great deal of the world are rather dependent on a genial as well as stable humor for their crop growing needs in addition to the gathering of inhering resources, it is vital to understand modality change before attempting to manage it. Poor people are reliant on the monsoon seasons, for example, but climate change is about to turn their lives around. Moreover, it is the poorest people of the world that are most vulnerable to the destruction caused by natural disasters. The Asian tsunami of 2004 provides evidence of this phenomenon.Increase in drought frequency in Africa is another ground why policymakers around the globe must consider decisions that would have a long-term impact on humanity. Other examples of the destruction caused by climate change to the poor communities in particular include the effects of Katrina in the United States and the heat wave that was experienced by Europeans in 2003. As these examples reve al, poor people in rich societies are also vulnerable to the devastating effects of global warming (Global Environmental scene 4). Additionally, the effects of global warming are expected to vary across the globe.According to a publication of the United Nations Environment Programme While the Earths climate has varied throughout the prehistoric ages, the last few decades have witnessed a global climate disruption that is unprecedented over the recent millennia, a tip of relative climatic stability during which civilization emerged. Some regions, particularly the Arctic, will be more affected by climate change than others closer to the equator. In many regions, the agricultural sector will be particularly affected. The combination of high temperatures and decreased soil moisture projected for parts of Africawill be particularly hard to adapt to (Global Environmental Outlook 4). The publication of the UNEP, Global Environmental Outlook 4, also describes the main responsibility that human beings must assume for global warming that, in fact, humans have placed great pressure on the climate system with increasing anthropogenic nursery swagger emissions. The greenhouse gas that is mainly accountable for climate change appears to be carbon dioxide, primarily originating from the consumption of fossil fuels. But, other gases are similarly responsible for climate change.According to the report Since the dawn of the industrial age, the concentrations of these gases have been steadily increasing in the atmosphere (Global Environmental Outlook 4). Overly excited about their achievements during and after the golden industrial Age, human beings did not realize that materialism and greed could even be responsible for ending their existence on Earth in the near future tense. Indeed, if climate change is not managed through effective, global environmental policies at present, huge natural disasters whitethorn very well finish off all life on our planet.As it is, global w arming is accompanied by spells of really high temperatures that are known to destroy life through heat stress in addition to air pollution. In June 2003, Europe experienced such a spell. It raised temperatures twenty to thirty percent higher than the average temperatures during summer. What is more, the spell covered a huge portion of the European continent, from Germany to Italy, and from the north of Spain to Czech Republic. With hearty as well as economic impacts, besides its environmental impacts, the heat wave presented heavy losses to the European continent.In point of fact, thirty kelvin European people lost their lives during June 2003. Forestry and agricultural production were impaired forests were burned crop cycles were disrupted nuclear reactors cooled by water from rivers had to be closed pauperism for electricity could not be met and the stability of rocks was affected (Impacts of Summer 2003 Heat Wave in Europe, 2004). Europe had experienced significant developmen t during the Industrial Age, although it did not have any power over the heat wave of 2003.More importantly, perhaps, it is evident that the European Union would now play an important role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The heat wave of 2003 served as a warning for the entire continent to begin taking serious action against greenhouse gas emissions, while enjoying the fruits of the Industrial Age even in the twenty first century (Impacts of Summer 2003 Heat Wave). As bad as the European heat wave of 2003 was, there is no way for it to compete with the come up average temperatures in the Arctic.In fact, temperatures in the Arctic are rising almost twice as rapidly as in the rest of the world (Global Environmental Outlook 4). Sea ice and glaciers in the Arctic are presently melting, while the permafrost temperatures are rising. In Siberia and Alaska, permafrost is also melting. This is expected to release methane into the Earths atmosphere from the frozen hydrates. Scientists are certified that fifty million years back, a large amount of methane was released into the Earths atmosphere. Temperatures around that time must have risen approximately fiver to seven Celsius.Additionally, scientists have determined that it took approximately one hundred and forty thousand years for the atmosphere to return to its normal state after the sign release of methane (Global Environmental Outlook 4). Perhaps, therefore, the effects of global warming would remain with us for a very long period of time. Our future generations would have to suffer because of the excessive greenhouse gas emissions that our generation has been held responsible for. Other effects of global warming include increased changes in precipitation around the world.While wet regions are experiencing more rain, the dry areas of our world are turning more arid than before. In addition, regions like Africa with the lowest plowshare to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are projected to suffer mo st due to these changes (Global Environmental Outlook 4). As a consequence of fact, water scarcity is projected to become a dangerous problem for the African people in the days to come (Global Environmental Outlook 4). Global warming is also increasing animated tropical cyclone activity, especially in the North Atlantic (Global Environmental Outlook 4).This has been going on since 1970, and is definitely associated with increases in the surface temperatures of tropical seas. Furthermore, there is evidence of increased tropical cyclone activity in certain regions of the world where it is tight to gather high quality data. In any case, over the past thirty five years the number of Class 4 and 5, high intense storms, has almost doubled. These storms are now occurring in virtually all ocean basins. Of a certainty, our world would warm up even more because of this activity in the deep (Global Environmental Outlook 4).It is time, therefore, for all countries of the world to seriously c onsider the kinds of policies that could reverse the damage caused by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Humans have no control over unknown natural powers that may be causing climate change. Even so, they instinctively know the highway they must take so as to help all living beings on the planet. The UNEP publication, Global Environmental Outlook 4 refers to our world as a one planet economy, where all resources must be shared.So even though the Africans did not pollute the environment as much as the Americans and the Europeans during the Industrial Age, they must suffer because they did not even consider advising the Americans and the Europeans to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Of course, they were in no position to advise the polluters. Global warming has been showing its severe effects only now a time when the world seems to have accepted the idea that life on Earth may end pretty soon if human beings do not stop harming the environment.ReferencesClimate C hange 2007 The Physical Science Basics. (2007, Feb 5). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Retrieved downslope 10, 2007, from http//ipcc-wg1. ucar. edu/wg1/docs/WG1AR4_SPM_Approved_05Feb. pdf. Global Environmental Outlook 4 Environment for Development. (2007). United Nations Environment Programme. Retrieved descent 10, 2007, from http//www. unep. org/geo/geo4. Impacts of Summer 2003 Heat Wave in Europe. (2004, Mar). United Nations Environment Programme. Retrieved Dec 10, 2007, from http//www. grid. unep. ch/product/publication/download/ew_heat_wave. en. pdf.

Global Business Cultural Analysis

Kenya lies to the east of the African continent and has a coast on the Indian Ocean. The country straddles ii of the most famous lakes in Africa Lake Turkana and Lake Victoria. At its heart is Mount Kenya from which the country takes its name. The Kenyan population is heterogeneous, comprising seven major ethnic groups as well as tens of smaller ones and non-Kenyan communities. There is a religious mix with a Christian majority and Muslim and indigenous religious minorities. Formerly a British colony, Kenya achieved license in 1963.Understanding the various cultural norms and ethnic and religious groups is essential when doing demarcation in Kenya. Kenyan Culture Key Concepts and Values Group-relations Kenyans convey virile affiliations to their ethnic group or tribe and sometimes place them in front of the nation. The family is at the heart of Kenyan life and is given priority over everything else. Several generations will live together in one house with all family members t aking c are of one another. Absenteeism from work or delays in performing tasks due to family obligations is frequently experienced in Kenya and is viewed as perfectly acceptable.Religion The majority of the population is Christian (Protestant and Catholic) but there is also a substantial Muslim (Sunni) minority. At the same time Animism and ancestor worship remain widespread. Both Christians and Muslims have managed to incorporate traditional practices into their respective religions creating unique blends to go their particular needs. Time In general, Kenyans have a more relaxed approach towards time and live at a slower pace. It is not unusual to grip half an time of day for someone to add up for an appointment and this is seen as perfectly acceptable.Taking care of personal affairs first is regarded as more consequential than arriving on time. This being said, today particularly in the cliquish sector there is a growing trend of punctuality and observing deadlines. Doing avocation in Kenya is the one of Africas more affluent nations and is seen a business hub for East Africa. The countrys economy has been hampered though by corruption and a doctrine on certain goods whose prices have failed to rise sufficiently. Kenya has also been affected by the global economic downturn and in 2008 saw a 7% do in in its GDP growth from the previous year.Despite this, tourism, manufacturing and investment have predominated in the Kenyan economy over the last four decades giving Kenya a prized position within Africa. Understanding how Kenyas economy and politics impact its business culture will answer you when doing business in Kenya. Kenyan Business Part 1 Working in Kenya o Working practices in Kenya Business hours in Kenya are from 900am to 400pm, with a one hour break for lunch between 100pm and 200pm. Some businesses also operate on Saturday mornings. Kenyans have a flexible attitude towards time, so codt be surprised if business meetings or social even ts begin late.Punctuality tends to be expected when dealing with foreigners though, so make authorized to arrive on time. Kenyans do not tend to schedule a precise end to meetings. What matters is not adhering to a schedule but ensuring that everybody involved is satisfied with the outcome. hence make sure to leave enough time in your agenda when attending a meeting. English is widely spoken in Kenyan business environments and you can expect your counterparts to have good language skills so you can conduct your business in English. A little knowledge of basic Kiswahili phrases perpetually leaves a good impression and can help to break the ice.Structure and hierarchy in Kenyan companies Business hierarchies are generally clearly defined, peculiarly in family owned companies. Although employees are welcome to give suggestions and comments, the final decision is taken by superior members or managers. Education and experience are of the essence(p) qualities and main sources of cr edibility. A personable character can earn extra credit. Foreigners tend to be approached with proud regard simply on the basis of their reality-wide expertise. Hierarchy plays an important role in the business structure of Kenya. Be mindful of a colleagues title and their place in the organization. conclusiveness making in Kenyan businesses tends to work on a top-down basis, with objectives raise and decisions made by those in the high schoolest positions. Respect and deference to ones elders should be observed when in Kenya. First business meetings are much quite formal until the relationship is ceremonious. Relationships outside of the business environment can help build stronger ties too. The unofficial and informal nature of networking out of the office can help cement a stronger working relationship. This is often done by offer your colleague a drink or meal.Kenya Business Part 2 Doing Business in Kenya o Business practices in Kenya Being a polychromic society, Keny an business practice focuses on getting things done by order of priority rather than working to a set time schedule. In numerous businesses the working day will halt at specific times for Muslim members of staff to pray. Business attire is formal in Kenya. work force wear suits and ties while women wear long dresses or skirts which reach below the knee. Women do not normally wear trousers although this trend is slowly changing. Women should make sure their shoulders are covered and should not wear anything too revealing.Business cards are often used in Kenya and should be given and received with two hands. Marketing boards are state-controlled or state-sanctioned entities legally granted control over the purchase or sale of pastoral commodities. Since the mid-1980s they have declined in semipublic figure under pressure from domestic liberalization and from international trade rules that increasingly cover agriculture. Where reforms have been widespread and successful, merchandi sing boards have vanished or retreated to providing public goods, such as strategic grain reserves or insurance against extraordinary price fluctuations i. . the National cereals board, the Tea board of Kenya. Where reforms have been less successful, the weaknesses of private agricultural marketing channels have been revealed by the rollback of marketing boards, often leading to calls for reinstatement of powerful marketing boards. It is often suggested that an exporting country should set up a price stabilization fund to insulate farmers from fluctuations in the world market price, by collecting a proportion of farmers revenue when prices are high and paying it out when prices are low. A typical price stabilization fund is set up for an export crop.In years when the world price is high, some of the returns are paid into the fund in years when it is low, the accumulated revenues are used to bring up the price. There are many variations on this basic model. Some of the funds soon col lapse, while others go on for years, surviving but not necessarily achieving their objectives. The objectives of the fund are usually obscure, sometimes deliberately so. For example, farmers press for stabilization without making it too obvious that to them stabilization means a lower influence to prices rather than an upper limit in other words, they want a higher average price.Consumers think of price stabilization as imposing minimum prices rather than both maxima and minima. It is often assumed without discussion or evidence that price stabilization benefits the farmer and is beneficial to the economy. To provide price stability, marketing boards set the prices for farmers. During a season of high prices in the world market, they stash funds over and above the set local target, which they later use to cushion farmers whenever the global market prices plummet. The marketing boards suffer the sole legal authority to purchase commodities from farmers and to engage in trade.Throug h the boards, governments typically fix official ariser prices for all controlled commodities. Marketing boards provide a guaranteed market for the farmers, absorbing all marketed surplus at the official unwrapr prices, and maintaining extensive buying networks and storage facilities throughout the production regions. Grain marketing boards normally handle the strategic food reserves for emergency situations, and have the responsibility to import food in shortage seasons. They also stabilize prices, thus protect farmers from sharp fluctuations.The boards also obtain funds for sales promotion, research and extension services. To raise farmers bargaining power- especially to prevent over exploitation of farmers by center field men. The boards also improve quality regulation. In the last two decades, the production of primary exports in our country has been dwindling, and in some cases, almost ceased altogether. The crops in capitulum are pyrethrum, sisal, cotton, coffee, and to a lesser extent, tea. The NCPB sells seeds and fertilizers to farmers at subsidized rates and buys their produce at higher prices than the market price, as a way of offering incentives to farmers.To reassure food security, NCPB has silos all over the country that store grains in times of surplus production and sell them in times of food shortages at affordable prices. This helps improve the countrys food supply situation. The Kenya Meat commission which was recently revived, served an important role, during the droughts that ravaged the country, by buying cattle from owners, who would otherwise have suffered a very big loss as the animals would have perished in the drought. Now the farmers can replenish their herds when the drought passes.The Kenya Cooperative creameries is also another marketing board that buys milk from farmers at better prices than go between and hence offering a ready market to milk as a produce in the country. The Coffee board of Kenya and the Kenya Tea Develo pment Authority also buys produce from farmers at good prices, so that farmers are ensured of a market for their produce and can be able to develop themselves from income earned. The boards then sell the produce through exports. This board deals with buying pyrethrum from farmers and finding a market for it.Boards established by the colonialists have, on the whole, been playing a major role in marketing most of these crops, but the majority is inefficient, corrupt, and unable to bring the necessary changes to the agricultural sector to meet the challenges of global competition. Measuring whether the above objectives have been achieved is difficult, since most of these boards offer minimal public information and data important for analysis. In the accredited global market, private firms, with the intent of maximizing returns, will always hunt for the stovepipe world prices.Their staff is likely to be more qualified than the bloated workforce littering our boards. Farmers would be better served by private entities. Since new farmers are always joining a given sector, the system of stabilization is disadvantageous to the old ones. pecuniary resource set aside earlier end up cushioning even the newcomers. Since the 1990s, the target prices set by the boards seem to have been out-paced by the rate of inflation. In real terms, it is the farmers who experience negative returns for their products.Most crops in our country come from specific regions where weather conditions are favorable. Centralization of the marketing boards dampens the enthusiasm of farmers. It is in the best interest of the country for income obtained in a certain region to remain there in the hands of farmers, save for the taxes raised by the State. Some senior employees at the head offices, who do not even come from the areas in which the crops are grown, sometimes earn more in a year than do farmers in their whole lives.Our marketing boards are government revenue collectors rather than price stabilizers. Farmers pay more taxes at the hands of these boards, than they would otherwise. The establishment of various agencies in the agricultural sector for various crops is wasteful in terms of overheads and inexperienced staff. The very objectives for which the boards were set up can be handled by the Ministry of Agriculture in collaboration with co-operatives and private marketing enterprises.The subsidies embedded in grains pricing systems, coupled with heavy overhead cost associated with high administrative, transportation and storage costs, soon created Brobdingnagian tax burdens. The pan territorial pricing system meant higher transportation and handling costs in moving commodities from some remote areas, and the management of whopping volumes of commodities in storage was costly. In addition, the monitoring of private trade was not only costly but generally ineffective, especially for food commodities in shortage seasons. E. g.The National Cereals and Produce Board ( NCPB) of Kenya accumulated an estimated loss of about $300 million by 1993, in contrast with central government expenditure on agriculture of $33 million. Marketing boards also face organizational challenges. Their susceptibility to bureaucracy and corruption increased both the inefficiency in their operations and the transactions costs for farmers and consumers. In 2011 Kenyas economy recorded moderate growth, driven primarily by financial intermediation, tourism, construction and agriculture. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth is project to expand modestly in 2012 and 2013.In 2011 it was held back by an unstable macroeconomic environment characterized by rising inflation, exchange rate depreciation and high energy costs. Limited rainfall in the first half of 2011 resulted in a decline in aggregate food production, a factor that contributed importantly to runaway inflation. The inflationary pressures experienced in 2011 and the depreciation of the Kenyan shilling (KES) can be trac ed back in part to the Central Bank of Kenyas decision to cut its repo rate from 7% to 6% in December 2010 in a bid to revive lending and stimulate growth.However, increased consumer pick out pushed up prices and put pressure on the Kenyan shilling as demand for imports increased substantially. Inflation is projected to fall to single figures in 2012 and 2013 thank to improved food production and stability in fuel prices. The year 2011 was marked by the passing of legislation to put into effect the new reputation and the appearance of six Kenyan citizens at the International Criminal Court, while political parties began preparing for elections expected in 2012.Youth unemployment is a growing problem in Kenya as it makes up 70% of total unemployment. The Youth Enterprise Development Fund, operational over the last five years as the main discourse agency, has, among other actions, disbursed almost KES 6 billion to some 157 538 youth enterprises organized youth trade fairs built sim ple infrastructure for young people and started pre-financing culture for the young. The fund will be expanded in the coming years to ensure increased employment for the young.

The Vietnamese culture, a rich heritage on many different levels

Vietnamese Culture Thesis Statement The Vietnamese culture, a rich inheritance on many different levels. Through exploring its religion, population, language, education, government, art and economics, an appreciation can be developed for the important contributions Vietnamese people make in American society. The early inhabitants of the area were Negritos. Some 4,000 years ago Austronesian (Indonesian) migrants from the north were moving into the area that is now North Vietnam. Later, Austro-Asiatic (Mon-Klimer and Maylayo-Polynesian) peoples arrived.Then, about 2500 years ago Viet (Yueh) and siamese connection peoples moved down from southern China. Out of this mixture of genes, languages, and cultures arose Van Lang, considered to have been the first Vietnamese Kingdom. In mid-third century B. C Van Lang was over wreak by and incorporated into another state to the north, forming the kingdom of Au Lac. Then Au Lac was incorporated into an even larger and more powerful state Nam Vie t. (Levison 284) historically speaking, Vietnam (officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam as of 1992) has struggled for independence for at least two thousand years, primarily from China.There have been brief periods when the realm has itself p In spite of its long relationship and physical closeness to China, Vietnam has for most of historical time specify itself as Chinatms enemy, a fact memorialized in crime syndicate song and legend (301). The Communist companionship enlists neighborhood committees and uses these along with its own organizations to monitor conduct and punish what it perceives to be deviance from the norm. About 20 pct of all Vietnamese people live in cities, the majority of these in two or three room apartments.The punishment for exceeding the two claw limit was most easily enforced (295). Once a tattoo artist, Tan experiments with subjects such as men masturbating and variations on the phallic symbol. But turn of events one, in that respect is very little money to be made in Vietnam, so there are few places to spend it. In writing, these tones are pronounced diametrically, giving the language a great musicality. In 1994 the population of Vietnam was roughly 69 millions. Respecting its economy, Vietnam is and endlessly has been a very poor country, with an yearly per capita income of less than U.Although the party has eased up on the economy a bit regarding control, it still wields absolute political power. In Vietnam, gossip and ridicule have been important weapons for brotherly control because of a concern for face (296). Was Communism to be practiced, as it should be in Vietnam There would be a middle and upper kinsfolk which there are not except at the level of government, meaning ittms the same sometime(a) story of corruption, hunger for power and the odd need to keep open the people as submissive and as under-privileged as possible.The children are taught that water from Vietnamtms many rivers and from the annual mon soons is basic to the rice agriculture (26), which is so vital to the countrytms existence in terms of both substance and economy. Music plays a central procedure in daily life just as it does in America its fine arts and architecture, however, reflect Chinese as well as westerly influence. Most households have altars for their ancestors and small shrines built in detect of various spirits (the earth god, Shakyamuni, the goddess of mercy, the god of wealth, etc.In spite of its long relationship and physical closeness to China, Vietnam has for most of historical time defined itself as Chinatms enemy, a fact memorialized in folk song and legend (301). The Communist party enlists neighborhood committees and uses these along with its own organizations to monitor behavior and punish what it perceives to be deviance from the norm. About 20 percent of all Vietnamese people live in cities, the majority of these in two or three room apartments. The punishment for exceeding the two child l imit was most easily enforced (295).Once a tattoo artist, Tan experiments with subjects such as men masturbating and variations on the phallic symbol. But number one, there is very little money to be made in Vietnam, so there are few places to spend it. In writing, these tones are marked diametrically, giving the language a great musicality. In 1994 the population of Vietnam was roughly 69 millions. Respecting its economy, Vietnam is and always has been a very poor country, with an annual per capita income of less than U.Although the party has eased up on the economy a bit regarding control, it still wields absolute political power. In Vietnam, gossip and ridicule have been important weapons for social control because of a concern for face (296). Was Communism to be practiced, as it should be in Vietnam There would be a middle and upper class which there are not except at the level of government, meaning ittms the same old story of corruption, hunger for power and the odd need to ke ep the people as submissive and as under-privileged as possible.The children are taught that water from Vietnamtms many rivers and from the annual monsoons is basic to the rice agriculture (26), which is so vital to the countrytms existence in terms of both substance and economy. Music plays a central role in daily life just as it does in America its fine arts and architecture, however, reflect Chinese as well as Western influence. Most households have altars for their ancestors and small shrines built in honor of various spirits (the earth god, Shakyamuni, the goddess of mercy, the god of wealth, etc.

Compare and contrast the poet’s attitude to and appreciation of the natural world in at least two poems you have studied

The simple beauty of nature is an aspect many of us take for granted in our everyday lives the endearing sounds of birds welcoming some opposite(a) day and the powerful gush of a waterf altogether being some examples of these. But there are those individuals who conduct endeavoured to fully comprehend the marvellous complexity of the mankind around us. Such findings are present in the act upon of many poets namely Gerard Manley Hopkins (1844 1889) and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1808 1882). Hopkins and Longfellow were two contemporary poets from the nineteenth century from divers(prenominal) cultures, English and American respectively who relished in the gift of nature with all her attributes. both(prenominal) of their work is characterised by a deep and personal sense of grasp of the beauty of the natural world work that when studied makes us truly delight in the wonder that is nature.The two poems that I feel effectively croak Hopkins and Longfellows ideas are resp ectively coloured lulu and Snowflakes. Although they are similar in their content concerning their deal for the natural world, the poems do differ in the way in which each poet relates his ideas.Hopkins poem Pied Beauty is one of the most famous, characteristic and linguistically accessible pieces combining the elements of nature and religion. In it the poet plaudits the creator for the infinite assert and scope within creation. His appreciation of the natural world ranges in scale from a rainbow trout to an entire landscape. Even from its form of address alone we know that this curtal sonnet is effectively a stress of praise for all things pied that is bi-coloured, streaked or patched.The poem Snowflakes by Longfellow is also an expression of the poets attitude to and appreciation of the natural world. In it Longfellow covers in minute detail the subtle beauty of a single deoxycytidine monophosphateflake and makes us more aware not only of blast, but of the other small thin gs surrounding us, making us realise their importance.Both poems acknowledge existence and power of a creator. In Pied Beauty a song of praise is presented in the first line of the poems triumphant, alliterative opening stanza, as Glory be to God immediately places Hopkins appreciation of the beauty of the natural world in a religious context. Also as the poem concludes with the exhortation Praise him it is clear that the piece is deliberately framed as a Christian hymn of thanksgiving for the infinite smorgasbord in nature.The opening line also introduces the poems theme cloud things and this is the first of many adjectives describing parti-coloured natural elements.Snowflakes on the other hand opens with an altogether more maternal aspect of nature although the acknowledgement of a powerful creator is still presentOut of the bosom of the creaseOut of the cloud-folds of her garments shakenThis personification of the female form creates a Mother Earth type figure that I feel Long fellow used to successfully communicate his love and understanding of all things natural to a wide audience as a mother figure is something most of us could relate to. In this item instance it is this Mother Earth entity that produces and generates the countless millions of setbackflakes. We can directly contrast this to Hopkins Pied Beauty where a masculine creator is presumed and praised Praise him.Both poems perceive and praise a religious dimension to the beauty of the supernatural world. The religious theme in Pied Beauty is continued as appropriately the poets eyes face to gaze up at heaven as he appreciates the beauty of skies of couple colour implying that the skys beauty was the work of God. This image also lends a sweep panoramic aspect to his poetic attention as I imagine the vast immeasurable skies above. Then foreshadowing a technique used afterward in the poem, Hopkins immediately narrows his broader focus down to refer to the streaked markings on one brinded cow .In Snowflakes this religious theme is expressed in describing the shape of the snowflake as some divine expression indicating a superior eternal contribution to the formation of the snowflakes.As we know the two poems are about beauty that is all around us, but I noticed that both poems focus on tiny and large natural entities. In Pied Beauty Hopkins comments on rose-moles on trout and finches-wings. It seems that no aspect or detail of nature is too tiny or insignificant to escape the poets attention. But on the contrary he also refers to skies and landscape showing the range in which nature is present. In Snowflakes Longfellow is concentrating more on the actual snowflake rather than an overview of all things beautiful. Yet in contrast he also comments on the woodland and harvest fields in which the seemingly harmless snowflake had somehow devoured.Both poems also use alliteration to achieve their impact in places. In Snowflakes he describes the woodland as being brown and bare a nd the movement of the snow as Silent, and soft, and slow. This repeated initial consonant sound is used to set the scene that the poet is trying to convey. This is also present in Pied Beauty when the sky is described as being of couple-colour to convey the varying shades and tones present in the sky above. Also by describing the chestnuts as Fresh-firecoal the poet is helping us to envisage fully the sight of the dual coloured chestnuts falling from a tree.In Pied Beauty Hopkins uses a wide range of vocabulary to describe the many parti-coloured aspects of nature, dappled, couple-colour, and freckled being examples of these. But it is the use of the explicate fickle that I found rather striking, as one would normally use the word to refer to a person with mood swings intimately like personality changes. But here it is used to emphasise the speed and acceptance of change in the landscape and environment.I also noticed that the opening of Snowflakes featured many examples of O as sonance Outbosomcloud-foldsOverwoodlands brownsoftslow and snow. It is almost as if the poet is purposely repeatedly using words that contain the letter O (physically circular in shape) to bombard the page, reminding us of a multitude of snowflakes as they tout ensemble cover the ground. The poet continues to acknowledge the over powering nature that the snow possesses in Over the woodlands brown and bare,Over the harvest fields forsakenThe use of the word forsaken reiterates Longfellows notion that the snow can capture anything in its path. As well as imagery the poet also used such poetic devices as onomatopoeia and sibilance to relate the descent of snow to the ground, Silent and soft and slow which I feel he does and to great affect.Even from the title of Hopkins poem we know his focus is on the infinite variety of all dappled things, uniting in the single, uniform reality of Gods creating power. Snowflakes on the other hand focuses on the one phenomenon of snow, something tha t blankets over and makes uniform the entire and varied landscape. I also noticed that in Pied Beauty the subject of the poem is introduced in the first line Glory be to God for dappled things. This plainly states that the poem shall be a song of thanks to God for everything in nature of a pied quality. Snowflakes on the other hand describes a locomote made by the subject and where it originated from rather than stating plainly what it is. The actual subject of snow is not explicitly mentioned until the end of the first stanza (although it may be argued that the title of the poem is an obvious indication of the subject matter).From reading the poems it is easy to notice the different attitudes of the narrators of the poems. The tone in Pied Beauty is one of joyous exuberance by use of language such as Glory be and Praise. On the contrary Snowflakes takes a more mellow, introspective almost unsatiated approach in describing its subject troubled heart and secret of despair are som e examples of this. Also in Pied Beauty the poem is celebratory and is about beauty. Snowflakes on the other hand is simple and complex and is beauty.After studying both poems in depth I feel that through the work of Longfellow I now would see and appreciate the complexity in the simplicity of snowflakes. But overall I prefer the work of Hopkins. His exploitation of the verbal subtleties and medication of English, of the use of alliteration, repetition and a highly compressed syntax were all in the interest of projecting deep personal experiences, including his sense of Gods mystery, grandeur and kindness in all things counter.He called the energising prosodic element of his verse sprung rhythm in which each foot may consist of one stressed syllable instead of the regular number of syllables used in traditional rhythm. The result is a muscular verse, intense and vibrant that combines accuracy of observation, daring imagination, deep tonus and intellectual depth. All in all a won derful piece that for me as of yet shall remain one of the most touching I have read.

Climate Change

offspring There is nothing that we as individuals move do to prevent modality change. During last some(prenominal)(prenominal) decades, industrialization and human activities have produced greenhouse gases (mainly carbon dioxide). These gases make the earths temperature higher that leads to more(prenominal) serious events, such as ice smelting, floods, storms and droughts. This is c wholeed climate change.Climate change would have substantive impacts on environment, economy and the way we live so it needs to be prevented. In my opinion, there be several things that everybody as individual fuel do to reduce pollution and prevent climate change, including cut back greenhouse gases, saving energies and reducing waste. Firstly, we can use car less by utilise some alternative means, such as public transport, sharing a ride, walking or cycling.We also can buy locally products so we can reduce goods transportation. Therefore, we can help reduce gas inspiration and reduce carbon dioxide. Secondly, we can save energies to decrease the emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. For example, we can replace a regular bulb with a compact one turn off all electrical equipment when they are not in use wash our clothes in cold water instead of gamey water and try to use sun light to dry clothes instead of a dryer.Thirdly, we can limit the amount of waste to reduce pollution. We should recycle many things like paper, cans, and glass bottles and avoid using products with a lot of packaging. We can also use reusable shopping bags instead of plastic bags. These things not only help us save money but we also help protecting environment. For all above reasons, I think everybody as an individual can do many things to prevent climate change.

Consumerisuim

Consumerism describes the personal effects of connecting personal happiness with purchasing material properties and consumption. Today mountain buy more stuff to palpate happy and pleased with themselves. Teenagers and kids go out wearing bags from well-known brands which are more than a kilobyte dollars for a bag and their only ten years old. Consumerist society views people as numbers alternatively than people, it encourages direct satisfaction, it leads to debt, and it lowers obvious costs.These are somewhat negative effects of consumerism. In the consumers society, they regulate other people as numbers. All they think about is how to let them spend their money. This is a negative thing because some poor people would like to be in this society provided due to their level they cant knock over it. They would love to have a lot of money to buy whatsoever they want but they cant maintain the money. In this society all their families should wear stuff that shows the price of It so people can see their wealthy and they are In the right place.Consumerist Society people, it encourages direct satisfaction, It leads to debt, and It lowers obvious costs. Is how to let them spend their money. This Is a negative thing because some poor people would Like to be In this society but due to their level they cant reach It. They would love to have a lot of money to buy whatever they want but they cant offer the money. In this society all their females should wear stuff that shows the price of It so people can see their wealthy and they are In the right place.

Profit Maximization Model

SAMPLE ANSWER FOR QUESTION 5 salary-making is genius of the most traditional, basic and major objectives of a securely. lettuce-motive is the driving-force behind all caper activities of a company. It is the primary winding measure of success or failure of a firm in the market. Profit suck ining capacity indicates the position, murder and status of a firm in the market. In spite of several changes and development of several choice objectives, pull in maximization has remained as one of the single most important objectives of the firm even today.Both dainty and large firms consistently make an attempt to maximise their boodle by adopting novel techniques in business. particular proposition efforts take on been made to maximize output and minimize production and other operating follows. Cost reduction, cost fareting and cost minimization has become the slogan of a modern firm. It is a actually open and unambiguous example. It is the single most ideal model that can e xplain the normal mien of a firm. Main propositions of the gelt-maximization model The model is based on the assumption that each firm seeks to maximize its salary given certain technical and market constraints.The following are the main propositions of the model. 1. A firm is a producing unit and as such it converts various inputs into outputs of higher value under a given technique of production. 2. The basic objective of each firm is to earn maximum profit. 3. A firm operates under a given market condition. 4. A firm will select that alternative course of action which helps to maximize consistent profits 5. A firm makes an attempt to change its prices, input and output quantity to maximize its profit. The model Profit-maximization implies earning highest possible descend of profits during a given period of meter.A firm has to generate largest amount of profits by building optimum productive capacity both in the short order and long choke depending upon various internal a nd external factors and forces. in that respect should be proper balance in the midst of short run and long run objectives. In the short run a firm is suitable to make only slight or minor adjustments in the production process as hygienic as in business conditions. The plant capacity in the short run is fixed and as such, it can increase its production and sales by intensive utilization of existing plants and machineries, having over time work for the existing staff etc.Thus, in the short run, a firm has its own technical and managerial constraints. But in the long run, as there is plenty of time at the disposal of a firm, it can expand and add to the existing capacities build up new plants employ additional workers etc to action the rising demand in the market. Thus, in the long run, a firm will feed equal to(predicate) time and ample opportunity to make all kinds of adjustments and readjustments in production process and in its merchandise strategies. It is to be noned wi th great care that a firm has to maximize its profits after fetching in to consideration of various factors in to theme.They are as follows 1. Pricing and business strategies of rival firms and its move on the working of the given firm. 2. Aggressive sales promotion policies adopted by rival firms in the market. 3. Without inducing the workers to demand higher wages and salaries leading to rise in operation cost. 4. Without resorting to monopolistic and consumptive practices inviting government controls and takeovers. 5. Maintaining the quality of the product and services to the customers. 6. Taking various kinds of risks and uncertainties in the changing business environment. . Adopting a stable business policy. 8. Avoiding any sort of clash between short run and long run profits in the business policy and maintaining proper balance between them. 9. Maintaining its reputation, name, fame and image in the market. 10. Profit maximization is necessary in both perfect and imperfec t markets. In a perfect market, a firm is a price-taker and under imperfect market it becomes a price-searcher. Assumptions of the model The profit maximization model is based on tree important assumptions. They are as follows 1.Profit maximization is the main goal of the firm. 2. noetic behavior on the part of the firm to achieve its goal of profit maximization. 3. The firm is managed by owner-entrepreneur. inclination of profit maximizing price and output Profit maximization of a firm can be explained in two different ways. Total Revenue and Total Cost approach. borderline Revenue and Marginal Cost approach. Profits of a firm are estimated by making comparison between impart revenue and total costs. Profit is the difference between TR and TC.In other words, excess of revenue over costs is the profits. Profit = TR TC. If TR is equal to TC in that facial expression, there will be break even point. If TR is less(prenominal) than TC, in that slipperiness, a firm will be incur ring losses. In this case, we take in to account of total cost and total revenue of the firm while measuring profits. It is clear fromthe following plot how profit arises when TR is greater than that of TC. 2. MR and MC approach In this case, we take in to account of revenue realise from one unit and cost incurred to produce only one unit of output.A firm will be maximizing its profits when MR= MC and MC curve cuts MR curve from below. If MC curve cuts MR curve from preceding(prenominal) either under perfect market or under imperfect market, no doubt MR equals MC but total output will not be maximized and hence total profits as well as will not be maximized. Hence, two conditions are necessary for profit maximization- 1. MR = MC. 2. MC curve cut MR curve from below. It is clear from the following diagrams. Justification for profit maximization 1. Basic objective of traditional stinting theory.The traditional economic theory assumes that a firm is owned and managed by the entrepr eneur himself and as such he always aims at maximum return on his capital invested in the business. Hence profit-maximization becomes the natural principle of a firm. 2. A firm is not a charitable institution. A firm is a business unit. It is nonionized on commercial principles. A firm is not a charitable institution. Hence, it has to earn conceivable amount of profits. 3. To predict most realistic price-output behavior. This model helps to predict usual and general behavior of business firms in the real world as it provides a practical guidance.It also helps in predicting the reasonable behavior of a firm with more accuracy. Thus, it is a very simple, plain, realistic, pragmatic and most useful guessing in forecasting price output behavior of a firm. 4. Necessary for survival. It is to be noted that the very existence and survival of a firm depends on its capacity to earn maximum profits. It is a immemorial hypothesis and there is common agreement among businessmen to make hi ghest possible profits both in the short run and long run. 5. To achieve other objectives.In recent years several other objectives have become much more popular and all these objectives have become highly relevant in the context of modern business set up. But it is to be remembered that they can be achieved only when a firm is making maximum profits. Criticisms 1. Ambiguous term. The term profit maximization is ambiguous in nature. There is no clear cut explanation whether a firm has to maximize its net profit, total profit or the rate of profit in a business unit. Again maximum amount of profit cannot be precisely defined in quantitative terms. . It whitethorn not always be possible. Profit maximization, no doubt is the basic objective of a firm. But in the context of highly competitory business environment, always it may not be possible for a firm to achieve this objective. different objectives like sales maximization, market share expansion, market leadership building its own i mage, name, fame and reputation, spending more time with members of the family, enjoying leisure, developing better(p) and cordial relationship with employees and customers etc. lso has assumed greater significance in recent years. 3. Separation of ownership and management. In many cases, to-day we come across the business units are organized on partnership or joint stock company or cooperative basis. In case of many large organizations, ownership and management is clearly separated and they are run and managed by compensable managers who have their own self interests and as such always profit maximization may not become possible. 4. Difficulty in getting relevant development and data.In spite of revolution in the subject field of information technology, always it may not be possible to get adequate and relevant information to take salutary decisions in a highly fluctuating business scenario. Hence, profits may not be maximized. 5. Conflict in inter-departmental goals. A firm h as several departments and sections headed by experts in their own fields. severally one of them will have its own independent goals and many a times there is casualty of clashes between the interests of different departments and as such always profits may not be maximized. 6. Changes in business environment.In the context of highly competitive and changing business environment and changes in consumers tastes and requirements, a firm may not be able to cope up with the expectations and adjust its policies and as such profits may not be maximized. 7. Growth of oligopolistic firms. In the context of globalization, growth of oligopoly firms has become so common through mergers, amalgamations and takeovers. Leading firms dominate the market and the small firms have to follow the policies of the leading firms. Hence, in many cases, there are limited chances for making maximum profits. 8.Significance of other managerial gains. Salaried managers have limited freedom in decision making pr ocess. Some of them are unable to forecast the right type of changes and meet the market challenges. They are more worried about their salaries, promotions, perquisites, security of jobs, and other types of benefits. They may lack strong motivations to make higher profits as profits would go to the organization. They may be contented with only satisfactory level of profits rather than maximum profits. 9. Emphasis on non-profit goals. many a(prenominal) organizations give more stress on non-profit goals.From the point of view of todays business environment, productivity, efficiency, better management, customer satisfaction, durability of products, higher quality of products and services etc. have gained importance to cope with business competition. Hence, emphasis has been shifted from profit maximization to other practical aspects. 10. Aversion to reduction in power. In case of several small business units, the owners do not want to share their powers with many new partners and hen ce, they screen to keep maximum powers in their hands.In such cases, keeping more power becomes more important than profit maximization. 11. Official restrictions over profits of public utilities. Public utilities or public corporations are legally nix to make huge profits in many developing countries like India. Thus, it is clear that a firm cannot maximize its profits always. There are many constraints in the background of multiple objectives. Each one of the objectives has its own merits and demerits and a firm has to strike a balance between all kinds of objectives.